Revised Medical Adoption of Bica.
Also simplified keywords in Sublingual E2pull/11/head
Bersella
parent
af303ff8ae
commit
dd43c1d2c0
|
|
@ -4,16 +4,16 @@ linkTitle: 比卡鲁胺在女性化激素治疗上的使用与接受情况
|
|||
description: 比卡鲁胺尚未得到充分研究，其安全性也令人堪忧，使用范围仍很有限。
|
||||
author: Aly
|
||||
published: 2020-07-01
|
||||
updated: 2022-11-08
|
||||
translated: 2022-11-14
|
||||
updated: 2023-02-27
|
||||
translated: 2023-03-28
|
||||
translators:
|
||||
- Bersella AI
|
||||
tags:
|
||||
- 比卡鲁胺
|
||||
- 抗雄激素制剂
|
||||
- 用药安全
|
||||
trackHash: fdd701930bcb4e0f6f2c2ca8df31b80ae016e9a0
|
||||
keywords: [比卡鲁胺, 激素治疗, 抗雄激素]
|
||||
trackHash: 9298d4aa52c9fdc517ff6c2e6231e528d3cdd1bc
|
||||
keywords: [比卡鲁胺, 抗雄激素, 激素治疗, 安全性]
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
## 译者按 {#notice}
|
||||
|
|
@ -32,68 +32,70 @@ keywords: [比卡鲁胺, 激素治疗, 抗雄激素]
|
|||
|
||||
## 女性倾向跨性别者使用比卡鲁胺的历史 {#history-of-bicalutamide-for-transfeminine-people}
|
||||
|
||||
比卡鲁胺（Casodex 品牌）是一种非甾体类抗雄制剂和选择性雄激素受体拮抗剂；最初在 1995 年推出时，其用于顺性别男性治疗前列腺癌。前列腺癌由雄激素引起，因此可被抗雄制剂治疗。相比于螺内酯（Aldactone 品牌）与醋酸环丙孕酮（Androcur 品牌）等抗雄制剂，在雄激素拮抗效力、临床疗效、药理选择性和可耐受度等方面，比卡鲁胺具有显著优势。而相较早期的非甾体类抗雄制剂（如氟他胺，Eulexin 品牌；尼鲁米特，Anandron 品牌），比卡鲁胺则有更好的效力、药代动力学特性以及可耐受度，安全性也大大提高。不过，直到最近，比卡鲁胺才作为抗雄制剂用于女性化激素治疗。\
|
||||
之所以多年来比卡鲁胺未被广泛用于女性倾向跨性别者，是因为比卡鲁胺曾受制药厂专利的保护，价格亦十分昂贵。不过，从 2007 至 2009 年开始出现的比卡鲁胺仿制品，改变了这一事实。此后，陆续推出的醋酸阿比特龙（Zytiga 品牌，在 2011 年）、恩杂鲁胺（Xtande 品牌，在 2012 年）等抗雄制剂具有更高效力，因而取代了比卡鲁胺，成为前列腺癌的标准治疗用药。新药的研发使得近十年内比卡鲁胺的价格大幅下降，而逐渐变得可以承受。
|
||||
[比卡鲁胺][wiki1]（Casodex 品牌）是一种[非甾体类抗雄制剂][wiki2]和[雄激素受体][wiki3]的[选择性拮抗剂][wiki4]；最初在 1995 年推出时，其用于顺性别男性治疗[前列腺癌][wiki5]。前列腺癌[由雄激素引起][wiki6]，因此可被抗雄制剂治疗。相比于[螺内酯][wiki7]（Aldactone 品牌）与[醋酸环丙孕酮][wiki8]（Androcur 品牌）等抗雄制剂，比卡鲁胺在[雄激素拮抗][wiki9] [效力][wiki10]、[临床疗效][wiki11]、[药理选择性][wiki12]和[耐受性][wiki13]等方面，具有显著优势。而相较早期的非甾体类抗雄制剂（如[氟他胺][wiki14]，Eulexin 品牌；[尼鲁米特][wiki15]，Anandron 品牌），比卡鲁胺则有更好的效力、[药代动力学][wiki16]特性以及耐受性，[安全性][wiki17]也大大提高。不过，直到最近，比卡鲁胺才被作为抗雄制剂用于女性化激素治疗。\
|
||||
之所以多年来比卡鲁胺未被广泛用于女性倾向跨性别者，是因为比卡鲁胺曾受制药厂专利的保护，价格亦十分昂贵。不过，从 2007 至 2009 年开始出现的比卡鲁胺仿制品，改变了这一事实。此后，陆续推出的[醋酸阿比特龙][wiki18]（Zytiga 品牌，在 2011 年）、[恩杂鲁胺][wiki19]（Xtande 品牌，在 2012 年）等抗雄制剂具有更高效力，因而取代了比卡鲁胺，成为前列腺癌的[标准治疗][wiki20-msc]用药。新药的研发使得近十年内比卡鲁胺的价格大幅下降，而逐渐变得可以承受。
|
||||
|
||||
2015 年以前，只有极少的文献<sup>(见[相关文献一页][alyw19_lit])</sup>和一些网络传闻提到了女性倾向跨性别者使用比卡鲁胺。2011 年，Louis Gooren 率先在有关女性化激素治疗的文献中明确提及比卡鲁胺<sup>([Gooren, 2011][g11]; [Aly, 2019][alyw19_lit])</sup>。Gooren 其人是跨性别医学领域的主要资深学者之一，曾参与美国内分泌学会《跨性别激素治疗指南》的编纂<sup>([Hembree et al., 2009][h09]; [Hembree et al., 2017][h17])</sup>。1980 年代末到 1990 年代初，在阿姆斯特丹自由大学医学中心（VUMC）的性别焦虑专家中心，Gooren 及其同行开展了有关尼鲁米特（Anandron、Nilandron 品牌）作为抗雄制剂用于女性倾向跨性别者的研究<sup>([de Voogt et al., 1987a][v87a]; [de Voogt et al., 1987b][v87b]; [Gooren et al., 1987][g87]; [Johannes et al., 1987][j87]; [Rao et al., 1988][r88]; A[sscheman, Gooren, & Peereboom-Wynia, 1989][agp89]; [van Kemenade et al., 1989][k89]; [维基百科][wiki_nilu])</sup>。不过，他们后来似乎放弃了尼鲁米特的研究；这可能出于其肺毒性发生率高、以及其它因脱靶效应带来的副作用之缘故。尽管如此，从 1990 年代开始，Gooren 还是在其发表的资料中将氟他胺与尼鲁米特纳入到可用于女性化激素治疗的潜在选项当中<sup>([Asscheman & Gooren, 1992][ag92]; [Gooren, 1999][g99]; 见[相关文献][alyw19_lit])</sup>；也正因如此，氟他胺被一些《跨性别健康指南》及其它出版物收录了，不过评价并不大积极<sup>(例如 [Israel & Tarver, 1997][it97]; [Levy, Crown, & Reid, 2003][lcr03]; [Dahl et al., 2006a][d06a]; [Dahl et al., 2006b][d06b]; Hembree et al., 2009; [Moreno-Pérez et al., 2012][mp12])</sup>。作为一名对女性倾向跨性别者使用的非甾体类抗雄制剂感兴趣的学者，Gooren 本应对安全性远胜于氟他胺与尼鲁米特的比卡鲁胺引起注意；但是 Gooren 及其同行从未进行有关比卡鲁胺用于女性倾向跨性别者的研究，在其发表的资料中也仅仅简单提及了这项用途。其他学者亦皆如是。
|
||||
2015 年以前，只有极少的文献和一些网络传闻提到了女性倾向跨性别者使用比卡鲁胺。2011 年，[Louis Gooren][wiki21] 率先在有关女性化激素治疗的文献中明确提及比卡鲁胺<sup>([Gooren, 2011][G11])</sup>。Gooren 其人是跨性别医学领域的主要资深学者之一，曾参与[美国内分泌学会][wiki22]《跨性别激素治疗指南》的编纂<sup>([Hembree et al., 2009][h09]; [Hembree et al., 2017][h17])</sup>。1980 年代末到 1990 年代初，在[阿姆斯特丹自由大学医学中心][wiki24]（VUMC）的[性别焦虑专家中心][wiki23]，Gooren 及其同行开展了有关[尼鲁米特][wiki15]（Anandron、Nilandron 品牌）作为抗雄制剂用于女性倾向跨性别者的研究<sup>([de Voogt et al., 1987a][V87a]; [de Voogt et al., 1987b][V87b]; [Gooren et al., 1987][G87]; [Johannes et al., 1987][J87]; [Rao et al., 1988][R88]; A[sscheman, Gooren, & Peereboom-Wynia, 1989][AGP89]; [van Kemenade et al., 1989][VK89]; [维基百科][wiki15-tht])</sup>。不过，他们后来似乎放弃了尼鲁米特的研究；这可能出于其肺毒性发生率高、以及其它因[脱靶效应][wiki25]带来的副作用之缘故。尽管如此，从 1990 年代开始，Gooren 还是在其发表的资料中将氟他胺与尼鲁米特纳入到可用于女性化激素治疗的潜在选项当中<sup>([Asscheman & Gooren, 1992][AG92]; [Gooren, 1999][G99])</sup>；也正因如此，氟他胺被一些《跨性别健康指南》及其它出版物收录了，不过评价并不大积极<sup>(例如 [Israel & Tarver, 1997][IT97]; [Levy, Crown, & Reid, 2003][LCR03]; [Dahl et al., 2006a][D06a]; [Dahl et al., 2006b][D06b]; [Hembree et al., 2009][H09]; [Moreno-Pérez et al., 2012][MP12])</sup>。作为一名对女性倾向跨性别者使用的非甾体类抗雄制剂感兴趣的学者，Gooren 本应对安全性远胜于氟他胺与尼鲁米特的比卡鲁胺引起注意；但是 Gooren 及其同行从未进行有关比卡鲁胺用于女性倾向跨性别者的研究，在其发表的资料中也仅仅简单提及了这项用途。其他学者亦皆如是。
|
||||
|
||||
除了用于女性倾向跨性别者和患有前列腺癌的男性之外，比卡鲁胺还被研究用于治疗其他人群中由雄激素引起的症状。例如，其被用于治疗顺性别妇女的多毛症；部分人患有多囊卵巢综合征，其余则没有<sup>([Müderris, Bayram, & Güven, 1999][mbg99]; [Müderris et al., 2002][m02]; [Bahceci et al., 2004][b04]; [Müderris & Öner, 2009][mo09], [PDF][mo09_pdf], [英语译文][mo09_eng]; [Moretti et al., 2016][m16]; [Moretti et al., 2018][m18]; [维基百科][wiki_use_bica_s])</sup>。\
|
||||
比卡鲁胺还被研究了结合阿那曲唑（Arimeidex 品牌；一种芳香化酶抑制剂）用于顺性别男孩的非促性腺激素相关性早熟的治疗上<sup>([Kreher et al., 2006][k06]; [Lewis et al., 2009][l09]; [Mitre & Lteif, 2009][ml09]; [Stenger et al., 2009][s09]; [Lenz et al., 2010][l10]; [Reiter et al., 2010][r10]; [Tessaris et al., 2012][t12]; [Özcabı et al., 2015][o15]; [Kor, 2018][k18]; [Arya & Davies, 2019][ad19]; [Nabhan & Eugster, 2019][ne19]; [Finkle et al., 2020][f20]; [Gurnurkar, DiLillo, & Carakushansky, 2021][gdc21]; [维基百科][wiki_use_bica_m])</sup>。此类性早熟很罕见，其中促性腺激素释放激素（GnRH）调节机制失去了作用。在美国，这种比卡鲁胺结合阿那曲唑的特定疗法已完成了二期临床试验，并提交了新药申请，但未获通过；原因是在主要疗效终点——限制身高上之效果的证据尚不充分<sup>([AstraZeneca, 2008][az08])</sup>。不过，尽管在适应症之外，比卡鲁胺仍被用于该疗法；而在经美国食品药品监管局（FDA）批准的 Casodex 药品标示中，亦提及了比卡鲁胺的这项用途<sup>([FDA, 2017][fda17])</sup>。
|
||||
除了用于女性倾向跨性别者和患有前列腺癌的男性之外，比卡鲁胺还被研究用于治疗其他人群中由雄激素引起的症状。例如，其被用于治疗顺性别妇女的[多毛症][wiki26]；部分人患有[多囊卵巢综合征][wiki27]（PCOS），其余则没有<sup>([Müderris, Bayram, & Güven, 1999][MBG99]; [Müderris et al., 2002][M02]; [Bahceci et al., 2004][B04]; [Müderris & Öner, 2009][MO09]; [Moretti et al., 2016][M16]; [Moretti et al., 2018][M18]; [维基百科][wiki28-shc])</sup>。\
|
||||
比卡鲁胺还被研究了结合[阿那曲唑][wiki29]（Arimeidex 品牌；一种[芳香化酶抑制剂][wiki30]）用于顺性别男孩的[非促性腺激素相关性性早熟][wiki31]的治疗上<sup>([Kreher et al., 2006][K06]; [Lewis et al., 2009][L09]; [Mitre & Lteif, 2009][ML09]; [Stenger et al., 2009][S09]; [Lenz et al., 2010][L10]; [Reiter et al., 2010][R10]; [Tessaris et al., 2012][T12]; [Özcabı et al., 2015][O15]; [Kor, 2018][K18]; [Arya & Davies, 2019][AD19]; [Nabhan & Eugster, 2019][NE19]; [Finkle et al., 2020][F20]; [Gurnurkar, DiLillo, & Carakushansky, 2021][GDC21]; [维基百科][wiki28-mep])</sup>。此类[性早熟][wiki32]很罕见，此时[促性腺激素释放激素调节剂][wiki33]对其无效。在美国，这种比卡鲁胺结合阿那曲唑的特定疗法已完成了[二期][wiki34-p2]临床试验，并提交了[新药申请][wiki35]，但未获通过；原因是在主要疗效终点——限制身高上之效果的证据尚不充分<sup>([AstraZeneca, 2008][AZ08])</sup>。不过，尽管[在适应症之外][wiki36]，比卡鲁胺仍被用于该疗法；而在经[美国食品药品监管局][wiki37]（FDA）批准的 Casodex 药品说明书中，亦提及了比卡鲁胺的这项用途<sup>([FDA, 2017][FDA17])</sup>。
|
||||
|
||||
到了 2015 年中，比卡鲁胺在女性倾向跨性别者当中的使用和相关讨论稀少的事实，开始有了改变。维基百科上有关比卡鲁胺的内容，从最基本的页面逐步扩充了起来；现在有了更丰富的用药信息。此外，在网络圈子里，一些女性倾向跨性别者开始提倡本群体使用比卡鲁胺——例如正叙述其较之于现成选项的优势、以及其用于女性化激素治疗的优良潜力的笔者。\
|
||||
今后一段时间里，许多开明的医务工作者，都开始接纳比卡鲁胺用在女性倾向跨性别者上。其中，最早的一项对女性倾向跨性别者使用比卡鲁胺的临床研究，开始于 2013 年；其论文摘要于 2017 年发表，全文则于 2019 年发表<sup>([Neyman, Fuqua, & Eugster, 2017][nfe17]; [Neyman, Fuqua, & Eugster, 2019][nfe19])</sup>。该研究是一项规模较小的回顾性图表总结，针对的是比卡鲁胺作为二线青春期阻断剂用于跨性别女孩——其保险拒绝给付其 GnRH 类似物的费用。目前为止，该研究仍为在比卡鲁胺用于女性倾向跨性别者方面的唯一数据来源。虽然从各方面而言，其数据并不出色，但起码还算正规。该研究的发起者早前还发表了有关患有非促性腺激素相关性早熟的男孩们使用比卡鲁胺作为青春期阻断剂的论文<sup>(例如 [Lenz et al., 2010][l10]; [Haddad & Eugster, 2012][he12])</sup>。Neyman, Fuqua 和 Eugster (2019) 的发现——尽管资料有限——有助于让医务工作者和学者对比卡鲁胺在女性化激素治疗当中的应用产生浓厚的兴趣。
|
||||
到了 2015 年中，比卡鲁胺在女性倾向跨性别者当中的使用和相关讨论稀少的事实，开始有了改变。维基百科上有关[比卡鲁胺][wiki1]的内容得到了大幅扩充；现在有了更丰富的用药信息。此外，在网络圈子里，一些女性倾向跨性别者开始讲述其较之于现成选项的优势、以及其用于女性化激素治疗的优良潜力，并提倡本群体使用比卡鲁胺。\
|
||||
今后一段时间里，许多开明的医务工作者，都开始接纳比卡鲁胺用于女性倾向跨性别者的用途。其中，最早的一项对女性倾向跨性别者使用比卡鲁胺的临床研究，开始于 2013 年；其论文摘要于 2017 年发表，全文则于 2019 年发表<sup>([Neyman, Fuqua, & Eugster, 2017][NFE17]; [Neyman, Fuqua, & Eugster, 2019][NFE19])</sup>。该研究是一项规模较小的回顾性图表总结，针对的是比卡鲁胺作为二线[青春期阻断剂][wiki38]用于跨性别女孩——其保险拒绝给付其[促性腺激素释放激素类似物][wiki39]的费用。目前为止，该研究仍为在比卡鲁胺用于女性倾向跨性别者方面的唯一资料来源。虽然从各方面而言，其资料并不出色，但起码还算正规。该研究的发起者早前还发表了有关患有非促性腺激素相关性早熟的男孩们使用比卡鲁胺作为青春期阻断剂的论文<sup>(例如 [Lenz et al., 2010][L10]; [Haddad & Eugster, 2012][HE12])</sup>。尽管资料有限，[Neyman, Fuqua 和 Eugster (2019)][NFE19] 的发现仍有助于让医务工作者和学者对比卡鲁胺在女性化激素治疗当中的应用产生浓厚的兴趣。
|
||||
|
||||
无论如何，在当下，比卡鲁胺尚未在女性倾向跨性别者当中被广泛采用；这是因为，比卡鲁胺成为女性化激素治疗的一种选项的时间还不太久，而且关于女性倾向跨性别者使用之的研究与描述还很稀缺，其安全性亦引起担忧。事实上，《跨性别激素治疗指南》亦普遍未曾对此有过提及。目前，比卡鲁胺的使用基本上局限于一些思想更灵活的医务工作者、以及自行安排跨性别激素治疗用药（DIY）的人群里。
|
||||
无论如何，在当下，比卡鲁胺尚未在女性倾向跨性别者当中被广泛采用；这是因为，比卡鲁胺成为女性化激素治疗的一种选项的时间还不太久，而且关于女性倾向跨性别者使用之的研究与描述还很稀缺，其安全性亦引起担忧（见下节）。事实上，现有跨性别激素治疗指南亦普遍未曾对此有所提及。目前，比卡鲁胺的使用基本上局限于一些思想更灵活的医务工作者、以及[自行安排][wiki40]跨性别激素治疗用药（DIY）的人群里。
|
||||
|
||||
## 一些和比卡鲁胺有关的，限制了其使用率的担忧 {#concerns-about-bicalutamide-limiting-its-use}
|
||||
|
||||
目前为止，跨性别医学界并不大愿意认可比卡鲁胺在女性倾向跨性别者的使用。这是因为，关于女性倾向跨性别者使用之的研究与描述还很稀缺，尤其是在安全性方面。有一些担忧是和患有前列腺癌的男性当中由比卡鲁胺引起肝衰竭的罕见案例相关的。这些有关比卡鲁胺之肝毒性的已报告病例，一般发病很突然、且症状严重。对患有前列腺癌的男性而言，比卡鲁胺治疗其癌症的收益远大于概率极低的肝毒性之风险，因此这种风险足可容忍。不过，对一般既年轻而又健康的女性倾向跨性别者而言，比卡鲁胺并非用于治疗绝症；一旦因其患上肝衰竭而亡，那便得不偿失了。也正因如此，加州大学旧金山分校（UCSF）版《跨性别护理指南》警告，出于潜在肝脏风险的考虑，当下不应将比卡鲁胺用于女性倾向跨性别者<sup>([Deutsch, 2016][d16])</sup>。\
|
||||
除了风险以外，目前还缺少可供指导适合女性倾向跨性别者使用的比卡鲁胺剂量之数据<sup>([Aly, 2019][alyw19_dose])</sup>。目前普遍推荐使用的典型剂量，是 50 mg/天，但该剂量应该是缺少数据支持的情况下的主观臆断。
|
||||
目前为止，跨性别医学界并不大愿意认可比卡鲁胺在女性倾向跨性别者的使用。这是因为，关于女性倾向跨性别者使用之的研究与描述还很稀缺，尤其是在安全性方面。有一些担忧是和患有前列腺癌的男性当中由比卡鲁胺引起[肝衰竭][wiki41]的罕见案例相关的。这些有关比卡鲁胺之肝毒性的已报告病例，一般发病很突然、且症状严重。对患有前列腺癌的男性而言，比卡鲁胺治疗其癌症的收益[远大于][wiki42]概率极低的肝毒性之风险，因此这种风险足可容忍。不过，对一般既年轻而又健康的女性倾向跨性别者而言，比卡鲁胺并非用于治疗绝症；一旦因其患上肝衰竭而亡，那便得不偿失了。也正因如此，[加州大学旧金山分校][wiki43]（UCSF）编纂的跨性别护理指南警告称，出于潜在肝脏风险的考虑，当下不应将比卡鲁胺用于女性倾向跨性别者<sup>([Deutsch, 2016][D16])</sup>。\
|
||||
除了风险以外，目前还缺少可供指导适合女性倾向跨性别者使用的比卡鲁胺剂量之数据<sup>([Aly, 2019][A19-BD])</sup>。目前普遍推荐使用的典型剂量，是 50 mg/天，但该剂量应该是缺少数据支持的情况下的主观臆断。
|
||||
|
||||
目前为止，已有 10 例和比卡鲁胺有关的严重肝毒性病例被报告<sup>([图表][table_2a])</sup>。这些病例皆为患有前列腺癌的男性，且皆在开始比卡鲁胺疗法的六个月内发病，其中两例随后死亡。尽管这些病例不多，看上去多少令人安心，但需要注意，已报告的不良反应病例数往往远低于其实际发生率。例如，对于醋酸环丙孕酮，迄今有大约 50 例脑膜炎病例被报告；但法国政府在近期的一项大规模研究发现，仅在法国就有超过 500 例和持续服用超过 8 年的高剂量醋酸环丙孕酮相关的脑膜炎病例*进行了手术*<sup>([Aly, 2020][alyw20_meni])</sup>。相应地，截至撰稿时，在美国 FDA 的国际 [MedWatch/FAERS 数据库][faers]当中，共有 40 例和比卡鲁胺相关的肝衰竭病例，其中 25 例死亡；还有 240 例与其相关的肺间质病变病例，而已报告的只有 14 例<sup>([表格][table_2b])</sup>。但据估计，该数据库也仅报告了不足 10% 的严重不良反应现象<sup>([Graham, Ahmad, & Piazza-Hepp, 2002][gap02])</sup>。因此，实际病例数可能远大于此。这些案例不过出于巧合：迄今尚未确认比卡鲁胺和肝毒性之间是否存在因果关系。尽管如此，它们还是引起了不小担忧。传闻还有一件和比卡鲁胺相关的女性倾向跨性别者死亡病例，尽管不曾公开发表，但已在跨性别医学界当中口口相传。根据在跨性别医学领域的几位可靠人士所言，该病例是一名住在德克萨斯州的 20 岁跨性别女孩，服用比卡鲁胺后出现急性肝衰竭，且事前无任何征兆。该病例促使一些关注比卡鲁胺的医务工作者和学者，对比卡鲁胺在女性倾向跨性别者激素治疗中的使用，作出了保留意见。
|
||||
目前为止，已有 10 例和比卡鲁胺有关的严重[肝毒性][wiki44]病例被公开发表<sup>([表格][table1])</sup>。这些病例皆为患有前列腺癌的男性，且皆在开始比卡鲁胺疗法的六个月内发病，其中两例随后死亡。尽管这些病例不多，看上去多少令人安心，但需要注意，已公开发表的不良反应病例数往往远低于其实际发生率。\
|
||||
例如，对于醋酸环丙孕酮，迄今有大约 50 例脑膜炎病例被公开发表<sup>([表格][table2])</sup>；但法国政府在近期的一项大规模研究发现，仅在法国就有逾 500 例和持续服用 8 年以上的高剂量醋酸环丙孕酮相关的脑膜炎病例*进行了手术*<sup>([Aly, 2020][A20-CM])</sup>。\
|
||||
与此对应，截至撰稿时，在美国 FDA 的国际 [MedWatch/FAERS 数据库][faers]当中，共有 40 例和比卡鲁胺相关的肝衰竭病例，其中 25 例死亡；还有 240 例与其相关的[间质性肺炎][wiki45]病例，而已公开发表的只有 14 例<sup>([表格][table3])</sup>。但据估计，该数据库也仅报告了不足 10% 的严重不良反应现象<sup>([Graham, Ahmad, & Piazza-Hepp, 2002][GAP02])</sup>。因此，实际病例数可能远大于此。这些案例不过出于巧合：迄今尚未确认比卡鲁胺和肝毒性之间是否存在因果关系。尽管如此，它们还是引起了不小担忧。\
|
||||
传闻还有一件和比卡鲁胺相关的女性倾向跨性别者死亡病例，尽管不曾公开发表，但已在跨性别医学界当中口口相传。根据在跨性别医学领域的几位可靠人士（如 [Asa Radix][CL-AR] 和 [Zil Goldstein][CL-ZG]）所言，该病例是一名住在美国德克萨斯州的 20 岁跨性别女孩，服用比卡鲁胺后出现急性肝衰竭，且事前无任何征兆。该病例促使一些关注比卡鲁胺的医务工作者和学者，对比卡鲁胺在女性倾向跨性别者激素治疗中的使用，作出了保留意见。\
|
||||
还有一起未正式发表的病例，描述了一名年龄超 60 岁的跨性别者以比卡鲁胺治疗后发生肝衰竭，随后死亡<sup>([QueerDoc][QD])</sup>。
|
||||
|
||||
无论如何，这名女性倾向跨性别者的病例从未被公开发表、并确认属实。此外，和比卡鲁胺相关的肝毒性绝对发生率可能非常低。例如，在一次包含 4,000 名病人的三期随机对照试验中，肝功能检测结果异常（即血浆肝转化酶含量偏高）的发生率，在单服高剂量比卡鲁胺（150 mg/天）组别和安慰剂组别上分别仅有 3.4% 和 1.9% ——也即，比卡鲁胺在其中贡献了 1.5%<sup>([Anderson, 2003][a03]; [Iversen et al., 2004][i04])</sup>。还有，在一次严苛的将比卡鲁胺用于前列腺癌的临床试验中，超过 8,000 名男性无一出现严重肝毒性或肝衰竭<sup>([Blackledge, 1996][b96]; [Kolvenbag & Blackledge, 1996][kb96]; [McLeod, 1997][m97]; Anderson, 2003; Iversen et al., 2004)</sup>；不过，该试验对每名病人的肝功能皆做了细致监测，一旦检测到肝功能出现临床上足可引起担忧的异常情况，即要求其停止服用比卡鲁胺。该试验中，这些男性每日服用 50-150 mg 的比卡鲁胺，其中约 0.5-1.4% 的人产生了肝功能病变，随即停药<sup>(Blackledge, 1996; [See et al., 2002][s02])</sup>。故此，为避免出现严重肝毒性的可能，服用比卡鲁胺的人需要定期监测肝功能。
|
||||
无论如何，以上有关跨性别者服用比卡鲁胺发生严重肝毒性的病例从未被公开发表、并确认属实。此外，和比卡鲁胺相关的肝毒性绝对发生率可能非常低。例如，在包含三次[三期][wiki34-p3] [随机对照试验][wiki50]、逾 8,000 名病人的[早期前列腺癌临床试验][wiki49]（EPC）中，跟踪三年后，[肝功能指标][wiki46]异常（即[肝转化酶][wiki47]的[验血][wiki48]结果偏高）的发生率在高剂量比卡鲁胺单药（150 mg/天）组别和安慰剂组别上分别仅有 3.4% 和 1.9% ——也即，比卡鲁胺在其中贡献了 1.5%<sup>([Anderson, 2003][A03]; [Iversen et al., 2004][I04]; [维基百科][wiki51-lt]; [维基百科][wiki49])</sup>。\
|
||||
还有，在比卡鲁胺用于晚期前列腺癌的初步临床研发试验中，近 4,000 名男性无一出现严重肝毒性或肝衰竭<sup>([Blackledge, 1996][B96]; [Kolvenbag & Blackledge, 1996][KB96]; [McLeod, 1997][ML97]; [Anderson, 2003][A03]; [Iversen et al., 2004][I04]; [维基百科][wiki51-lt])</sup>；不过需要指出，该试验对每名病人的肝功能皆做了细致监测，一旦检测到肝功能出现临床上足可引起担忧的异常情况，即要求其停止服用比卡鲁胺。\
|
||||
在比卡鲁胺用于前列腺癌的主流临床试验中，这些男性每日服用 50–150 mg 的比卡鲁胺，其中约 0.5–1.5% 的人发生了肝功能病变，提示需要停药<sup>([Blackledge, 1996][B96]; [See et al., 2002][S02]; [维基百科][wiki51-lt])</sup>。故此，为避免出现严重肝毒性的可能，服用比卡鲁胺的人需要定期监测肝功能。
|
||||
|
||||
在肝毒性风险上，比卡鲁胺远低于其类似物氟他胺<sup>(Kolvenbag & Blackledge, 1996; [Schellhammer et al., 1997][s97]; [Thole et al., 2004][t04]; [Manso et al., 2006][m06]; [表格][table_2c])</sup>；不过，其仍保有微弱的肝毒性风险——还可能附带严重并发症。故此，有必要谨慎使用之，每个服用它的人都需要注意监测肝功能。
|
||||
在肝毒性风险上，比卡鲁胺远低于其类似物氟他胺<sup>([Kolvenbag & Blackledge, 1996][KB96]; [Schellhammer et al., 1997][S97]; [Thole et al., 2004][T04]; [Manso et al., 2006][M06]; [表格][table4])</sup>；不过，其仍保有微弱的肝毒性风险——还可能附带严重并发症。故此，有必要谨慎使用之，每个使用者都要注意监测肝功能。
|
||||
|
||||
## 近期进展及未来展望 {#recent-developments-and-the-future}
|
||||
|
||||
比卡鲁胺在顺性别妇女改善和雄激素相关的皮肤及体毛状况上的使用，正被逐渐接受并加以描述。例如，在意大利进行的、有关比卡鲁胺用于多毛症的一项严谨的三期随机对照试验，近期已被公开发表<sup>([Moretti et al., 2018][m18])</sup>。此外，一项有关比卡鲁胺用于顺性别妇女脱发的回顾性图表总结，业已于近期公开发表<sup>([Fernandez-Nieto et al., 2019][fn19]; [Ismail et al., 2020][i20]; [Fernandez-Nieto et al., 2020][fn20]; [Moussa et al., 2021][m21])</sup>。这些有关体毛的研究发现了使用比卡鲁胺后的较低、但显著的肝功能病变发生率。
|
||||
比卡鲁胺在顺性别妇女改善和雄激素相关的皮肤及体毛状况上的使用，正被逐渐接受并加以描述。例如，在意大利进行的、有关比卡鲁胺用于多毛症的一项严谨的三期随机对照试验，近期已被公开发表<sup>([Moretti et al., 2018][M18])</sup>。此外，一项有关比卡鲁胺用于顺性别妇女脱发的回顾性图表总结，业已于近期公开发表<sup>([Fernandez-Nieto et al., 2019][FN19]; [Ismail et al., 2020][I20]; [Fernandez-Nieto et al., 2020][FN20]; [Moussa et al., 2021][M21])</sup>。这些有关脱发的研究发现了使用比卡鲁胺后的较低、但显著的肝功能病变发生率。
|
||||
|
||||
一些跨性别医学研究者也对比卡鲁胺产生了兴趣<sup>([Aly, 2019][alyw19_lit])</sup>。其中可能尤其要关注的是，美国内分泌学会 2009、2017 年版《跨性别激素治疗指南》<sup>(Hembree et al., 2009; Hembree et al., 2017)</sup>的领衔作者：Wylie Hembree，在近期的评述中对比卡鲁胺用于女性倾向跨性别者做了积极评价<sup>([Fishman, Paliou, Poretsky, & Hembree, 2019][fpph19])</sup>。Hembree 及其同行提到了近期有关比卡鲁胺用于顺性别妇女多毛症的三期试验，以及有关比卡鲁胺作为青春期阻断剂用于跨性别女孩的研究，以支持将其用于女性倾向跨性别者的可能性。\
|
||||
另一位在跨性别医学领域的主要学者、美国内分泌学会版《指南》<sup>(Hembree et al., 2017; [Mitchell, 2020][m20])</sup>的联名作者：Guy T’Sjoen，在一篇与其同行创作的评述里，似乎也对比卡鲁胺持开放态度<sup>([Iwamoto et al., 2019][i19])</sup>。特别是在美国以外的学者，对比卡鲁胺的态度可能更开放，这归功于醋酸环丙孕酮——在美国以外使用最广泛的一种抗雄制剂——长期使用后引起的健康顾虑<sup>([Aly, 2020][alyw20_meni])</sup>。密歇根州立大学的学者：John Randolph，同样对比卡鲁胺作出了积极评价<sup>([Randolph, 2018][r18])</sup>，不过此后他似乎改变了他的观点<sup>([Michigan Medicine, 2020][mm20])</sup>。而另一方面，其他学者并不那么欢迎比卡鲁胺在女性倾向跨性别者当中的使用<sup>(例如 [Hamidi & Davidge-Pitts, 2019][hdp19]; [Cocchetti et al., 2020][c20])</sup>。
|
||||
一些跨性别医学研究者也对比卡鲁胺产生了兴趣。其中可能尤其要关注的是，美国内分泌学会 2009、2017 年版《跨性别激素治疗指南》<sup>([Hembree et al., 2009][H09]; [Hembree et al., 2017][H17])</sup>的领衔作者：Wylie Hembree，在近期的评述中对比卡鲁胺用于女性倾向跨性别者做了积极评价<sup>([Fishman, Paliou, Poretsky, & Hembree, 2019][FPPH19])</sup>。Hembree 及其同行提到了近期有关比卡鲁胺用于顺性别妇女多毛症的三期试验，以及有关比卡鲁胺作为青春期阻断剂用于跨性别女孩的研究，以支持将其用于女性倾向跨性别者的可能性。\
|
||||
另一位跨性别医学领域的主要学者、美国内分泌学会版《指南》<sup>([Hembree et al., 2017][H17]; [Mitchell, 2020][M20])</sup>的联名作者：[Guy T’Sjoen][wiki52]，在一篇与其同行创作的评述里，似乎也对比卡鲁胺持开放态度<sup>([Iwamoto et al., 2019][I19])</sup>。特别是在美国以外的学者，对比卡鲁胺的态度可能更开放，这归功于醋酸环丙孕酮——在美国以外使用最广泛的一种抗雄制剂——长期使用后引起的健康顾虑<sup>([Aly, 2020][A20-CM])</sup>。密歇根州立大学的学者：John Randolph，同样对比卡鲁胺作出了积极评价<sup>([Randolph, 2018][R18])</sup>，不过此后他似乎改变了他的观点<sup>([Michigan Medicine, 2020][MM20])</sup>。而另一方面，其他学者并不那么欢迎比卡鲁胺在女性倾向跨性别者当中的使用<sup>(例如 [Hamidi & Davidge-Pitts, 2019][HDP19]; [Cocchetti et al., 2020][C20])</sup>。
|
||||
|
||||
只要给以适当的健康监测，比卡鲁胺较低的风险应可为跨性别医学界所接受。这种情况就跟有极低的严重不良反应发生率的其它药品一样：诸如螺内酯（高钾血症），醋酸环丙孕酮（良性脑膜瘤、血栓、乳腺癌、肝毒性），等等。考虑到其风险，比卡鲁胺可能最终不会被推荐用于一线治疗。不过，如果其它抗雄制剂的可行性因为某些缘故（例如，未按预期起效、耐受度低、有禁忌症、无法获取等）而变得更低、以至不具备，那么比卡鲁胺可作为二线治疗的一种选项。跨性别医学界做的还不够。在比卡鲁胺可被女性倾向跨性别者广泛接纳、或者为《跨性别激素治疗指南》所广泛推荐之前，可能需要更多的相关进展才行——也即，对真正的女性倾向跨性别者使用比卡鲁胺进行研究并加以描述。
|
||||
只要给以适当的健康监测，比卡鲁胺较低的风险应可为跨性别医学界所接受。这种情况就跟有极低的严重不良反应发生率的其它药品一样：诸如螺内酯（高钾血症），醋酸环丙孕酮（良性脑膜瘤、血栓、乳腺癌、肝毒性），等等。考虑到其风险，比卡鲁胺可能最终不会被推荐用于一线治疗。不过，如果其它抗雄制剂的可行性因为某些缘故（例如，未按预期起效、耐受度低、有[禁忌症][wiki53]、无法获取等）而变得更低、以至不具备，那么比卡鲁胺可作为二线治疗的一种选项。跨性别医学界当下做的还不够。在比卡鲁胺可被女性倾向跨性别者广泛接纳、或者为《跨性别激素治疗指南》所广泛推荐之前，可能需要更多的相关进展才行——也即，对真正的女性倾向跨性别者使用比卡鲁胺进行研究并加以描述。
|
||||
|
||||
## 后记 {#updates}
|
||||
|
||||
### 后记一 {#update-1}
|
||||
### 后记一：Thompson 等人 (2021) 所作芬威健康《指南》 {#update-1}
|
||||
|
||||
2021 年 3 月，芬威健康版《跨性别健康临床实践指南》自 2015 年 10 月以来首次获得更新<sup>([Aly, 2020][aw20-guide])</sup>：
|
||||
2021 年 3 月，[芬威健康][wiki54]《跨性别健康临床实践指南》自 2015 年 10 月以来首次获得更新<sup>([Aly, 2020][A20-THG])</sup>：
|
||||
|
||||
- Thompson, J., Hopwood, R. A., deNormand, S., & Cavanaugh, T. (2021). Medical Care of Trans and Gender Diverse Adults. Boston: Fenway Health. [[网址][t21]] [[PDF文档][t21_pdf]]
|
||||
- Thompson, J., Hopwood, R. A., deNormand, S., & Cavanaugh, T. (2021). Medical Care of Trans and Gender Diverse Adults. Boston: Fenway Health. \[[网址][T21]] \[[PDF 文档][T21-PDF]]
|
||||
|
||||
之所以提及此次更新，是因为该《指南》将比卡鲁胺列为女性倾向跨性别者的抗雄制剂选项之一。尽管该《指南》出于有关比卡鲁胺用于女性倾向跨性别者的描述有限、以及其微弱的肝毒性风险之缘故，并未推荐其作为一线用药；但允许了在女性化激素治疗当中谨慎使用之：
|
||||
|
||||
> （在性别肯定激素治疗中，）是可以使用比卡鲁胺的；不过当下只有极个别研究考察了其在此情况下之使用以及相关联的风险/收益。考虑到已有暴发性肝炎病例报告，当下的共识是：将其纳入性别肯定激素治疗方案应当非常谨慎；只有当其替代选项皆已尝试或提供，并且充分讨论了其潜在风险之后，方可予以纳入。
|
||||
|
||||
这是第一份允许使用比卡鲁胺的《跨性别护理指南》，也是第二份纳入了比卡鲁胺的《指南》——首次纳入的是 UCSF 版《指南》，但其并不允许女性倾向跨性别者使用它。
|
||||
这是第一份允许使用比卡鲁胺的《跨性别护理指南》，也是第二份纳入了比卡鲁胺的《指南》——首次纳入的是 UCSF 版《指南》，但其并不允许女性倾向跨性别者使用之。
|
||||
|
||||
在他处亦提供了从芬威健康版《指南》节选的有关女性倾向跨性别者使用比卡鲁胺的内容——还包括了对其安全性之监测的建议<sup>([Aly, 2019][alyw19_lit_t])</sup>。
|
||||
### 后记二：Tomson 等人 (2021) 所作 SAHCS《指南》 {#update-2}
|
||||
|
||||
### 后记二 {#update-2}
|
||||
2021 年 9 月，[南非洲艾滋病医师协会][SAHIV]（SAHCS）首次发表了针对跨性别护理的《临床指南》：
|
||||
|
||||
2021 年 9 月，南非洲艾滋病医师协会（SAHCS）首次发表了针对跨性别护理的《临床指南》：
|
||||
- Tomson, A., McLachlan, C., Wattrus, C., Adams, K., Addinall, R., Bothma, R., Jankelowitz, L., Kotze, E., Luvuno, Z., Madlala, N., Matyila, S., Padavatan, A., Pillay, M., Rakumakoe, M. D., Tomson-Myburgh, M., Venter, W., & de Vries, E. (2021). Southern African HIV Clinicians’ Society gender-affirming healthcare guideline for South Africa. Southern African Journal of HIV Medicine, 22(1), a1299. \[DOI:[10.4102/sajhivmed.v22i1.1299][SAHIV21]] \[[PDF文档][SAHIV21-PDF]]
|
||||
|
||||
- Tomson, A., McLachlan, C., Wattrus, C., Adams, K., Addinall, R., Bothma, R., Jankelowitz, L., Kotze, E., Luvuno, Z., Madlala, N., Matyila, S., Padavatan, A., Pillay, M., Rakumakoe, M. D., Tomson-Myburgh, M., Venter, W., & de Vries, E. (2021). Southern African HIV Clinicians’ Society gender-affirming healthcare guideline for South Africa. Southern African Journal of HIV Medicine, 22(1), a1299. [DOI:[10.4102/sajhivmed.v22i1.1299][sahiv21]] [[PDF文档][SAHIV21_PDF]]
|
||||
令人惊异的是，该《指南》不仅纳入了比卡鲁胺，而且其推荐作为抗雄制剂的程度更甚于螺内酯与醋酸环丙孕酮。对于原因，其写道：“损耗神经甾体的风险更低，因其并不易穿过血脑屏障”。不过，此效应并非除 [5α-还原酶抑制剂][wiki55]以外的抗雄制剂所引起的已知顾虑之一；而事实上，比卡鲁胺的确能够渗透到人体的神经中枢<sup>([维基百科][wiki56-d])</sup>。此外，该《指南》并未提及和比卡鲁胺相关的肝毒性或肝转化酶监测，这同样令人诧异。考虑到以上明显疏忽及其它因素，应当谨慎对待其推荐的理由。
|
||||
|
||||
令人惊异的是，该《指南》不仅纳入了比卡鲁胺，而且其推荐作为抗雄制剂的程度更甚于螺内酯与醋酸环丙孕酮。对于原因，其写道：“损耗神经类固醇的风险更低，因其并不易穿过血脑屏障”。不过，此效应并非除 5α-还原酶抑制剂以外的抗雄制剂所引起的已知顾虑之一；而事实上，比卡鲁胺的确能够渗透到人体的神经中枢<sup>([维基百科][wiki_pc_bica_d])</sup>。此外，该《指南》并未提及和比卡鲁胺相关的肝毒性或肝转化酶监测，这同样令人惊异。考虑到以上疏忽及其它因素，应当对其之推荐作谨慎说明。
|
||||
### 后记三：Coleman 等人 (2022) 所作 WPATH SOC8《指南》 {#update-3}
|
||||
|
||||
本站在他处亦提供了从该《指南》节选的有关女性倾向跨性别者使用比卡鲁胺的内容<sup>([Aly, 2019][alyw19_lit_sahiv])</sup>。
|
||||
|
||||
### 后记三 {#update-3}
|
||||
|
||||
2022 年 9 月，[世界跨性别人士健康专业协会][wpath]（WPATH）发布了第八版《[跨性别及性别多元化人群健康护理标准][soc8]》（SOC8）<sup>([Coleman et al., 2022][c22])</sup>。该《标准》是现有最权威的跨性别护理指南之一，由健康护理专家担任顾问。此指南在以下两个片段中简要讨论了比卡鲁胺：
|
||||
2022 年 9 月，[世界跨性别人士健康专业协会][wpath]（WPATH）发布了第八版《[跨性别及性别多元化人群健康护理标准][soc8]》（SOC8）<sup>([Coleman et al., 2022][C22])</sup>。该《标准》是现有最权威的跨性别护理指南之一，由健康护理专家担任顾问。此指南在以下两个片段中简要讨论了比卡鲁胺：
|
||||
|
||||
> 比卡鲁胺是一种抗雄制剂，用于治疗前列腺癌。其竞争性结合于雄激素受体，从而阻止雄激素与受体结合。有关比卡鲁胺用于女性倾向跨性别群体的数据非常稀少，其安全性资料也很缺乏。有一项小型研究探索了将 50 mg/天的比卡鲁胺作为青春期阻断剂，用于 23 名无法获得 GnRH 类似物治疗的青少年女性倾向跨性别者<sup>(Neyman et al., 2019)</sup>。这 23 人均发生了乳房发育——这与接受比卡鲁胺治疗的前列腺癌患者的普遍现象一致。\
|
||||
> 比卡鲁胺已被指出可引起罕见的暴发性肝中毒，并导致死亡<sup>(O’Bryant et al., 2008)</sup>。考虑到比卡鲁胺用于女性倾向跨性别者的情况尚未得到充分研究，我们并不推荐其用于常规治疗。
|
||||
|
|
@ -102,158 +104,274 @@ keywords: [比卡鲁胺, 激素治疗, 抗雄激素]
|
|||
|
||||
如上文所述，由于缺乏相关研究、且有潜在风险，《标准》并未建议将比卡鲁胺用于女性倾向跨性别者的常规治疗。本文也已提到，在比卡鲁胺得到主流《跨性别护理指南》的认可之前，可能还需要更多研究探索其用于女性倾向跨性别者的情况。
|
||||
|
||||
### 后记四：Jamie Reed 报告的因比卡鲁胺引起肝毒性的病例 {#update-4}
|
||||
|
||||
2022 年二月，曾在美国密苏里州[圣路易斯儿童医院][wiki57]的[华盛顿大学跨性别中心][WUTC]担任个案经理的 Jamie Reed，在保守派网络媒体《[自由报][wiki58]》上发表了一篇专栏文章《[我曾认为我在拯救跨性别儿童，但现在我要告发][R23]》。Reed 写道，她对青年跨性别者的医疗服务大失所望，并为此表达不满。不过，她简略提到一起传闻在该中心发生的、因比卡鲁胺引起肝毒性的女性倾向跨性别者病例。据称该病例年龄为 15 岁，接受该中心的联合创始人之一：[Christopher Lewis][WUSTL-profile] 博士开出的比卡鲁胺（作为青春期阻断剂）治疗；其随后出现肝毒性，停用了比卡鲁胺。其母亲在联系该中心时说：“你们该庆幸，我们不是那种讼棍。”此案例连同 Reed 的专栏文章，在福克斯新闻、《每日邮报》等保守派媒体当中被广泛传播<sup>([Google 搜索][google-search])</sup>。\
|
||||
除了这篇专栏文章，Reed 还向密苏里州的共和党检察长 [Andrew Bailey][wiki59] 递交了一份经宣誓的证词，此后该检察长发起了对这家诊所的调查<sup>([密苏里州政府, 2023][MG23])</sup>。该证词的部分内容如下：
|
||||
|
||||
> 该中心的其中一位医生：Chris Lewis 博士，向其病人开出一种叫比卡鲁胺的药物。这种药物可合法用于胰腺癌（*原文如此*）的治疗，但其有引起乳房发育的副作用，且对肝脏有毒性。尚无任何有关这种药物用于性别转变的临床研究，该药物也无任何公认的标准疗法。
|
||||
>
|
||||
> 考虑到上述风险及相关研究的缺失，其它性别转变中心不会使用比卡鲁胺。华盛顿大学附属的成人中心也不会使用之。但儿童中心却使用了它。
|
||||
>
|
||||
> 据我所知，该中心至少有一名患者因发生肝脏损伤，被肾脏科建议停用比卡鲁胺。其家长通过在线自评病历（MyChart）向该中心报告此事。家长说道，尽管他们并非讼棍，但“这会给你们带来很大的公关麻烦”。
|
||||
|
||||
此前有关女性倾向跨性别者因比卡鲁胺引起肝毒性的报告，很多都未公开或未确认；而这是迄今资料最完善的一起相关病例。对于比卡鲁胺用于女性化激素治疗的进一步普及，其并不会起到积极作用。
|
||||
|
||||
## 参考文献 {#references}
|
||||
|
||||
- Anderson, J. (2003). The role of antiandrogen monotherapy in the treatment of prostate cancer. _BJU International_, _91_(5), 455–461. \[DOI:<https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1464-410X.2003.04026.x>\]
|
||||
- Arya, V. B., & Davies, J. H. (2019). Idiopathic gonadotropin-independent precocious puberty - is regular surveillance required? _Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology & Metabolism: JPEM_, _32_(4), 403–407. \[DOI:<https://doi.org/10.1515/jpem-2018-0419>\]
|
||||
- Asscheman, H., Gooren, L. J., & Peereboom-Wynia, J. D. (1989). Reduction in undesired sexual hair growth with anandron in male-to-female transsexuals—experiences with a novel androgen receptor blocker. _Clinical and Experimental Dermatology_, _14_(5), 361–363. \[DOI:<https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2230.1989.tb02585.x>\]
|
||||
- Asscheman, H., & Gooren, L. J. (1992). Hormone Treatment in Transsexuals. In Bocking, W. O., Coleman, E. (Eds). _Gender Dysphoria: Interdisciplinary Approaches in Clinical Management_ (pp. 39–54). Binghamton: Haworth Press. / _Journal of Psychology & Human Sexuality_, _5_(4), 39–54. \[[Google Scholar](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cluster=3926911364428297742)\] \[[Google Books](https://books.google.com/books?id=fny-DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT38)\] \[DOI:<https://doi.org/10.1300/J056v05n04_03>\]
|
||||
- AstraZeneca. (2008). _Clinical Review. NDA. 22-310/S-001. Casodex (bicalutamide) for Testotoxicosis._ Food and Drug Administration/AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals. \[[URL](https://www.fda.gov/media/75809/)\] \[[PDF](https://www.fda.gov/media/75809/download)\]
|
||||
- Bahceci, M., Tuzcu, A., Canoruc, N., Tuzun, Y., Kidir, V., & Aslan, C. (2004). Serum C-reactive protein (CRP) levels and insulin resistance in non-obese women with polycystic ovarian syndrome, and effect of bicalutamide on hirsutism, CRP levels and insulin resistance. _Hormone Research in Paediatrics_, _62_(6), 283–287. \[DOI:<https://doi.org/10.1159/000081973>\]
|
||||
- Blackledge, G. R. P. (1996). Clinical progress with a new antiandrogen, Casodex™ (bicalutamide). _European Urology_, _29_(Suppl 2), 96–104. \[DOI:<https://doi.org/10.1159/000473847>\]
|
||||
- Cocchetti, C., Ristori, J., Romani, A., Maggi, M., & Fisher, A. D. (2020). Hormonal Treatment Strategies Tailored to Non-Binary Transgender Individuals. _Journal of Clinical Medicine_, _9_(6), 1609. \[DOI:<https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9061609>\]
|
||||
- Dahl, M., Feldman, J. L., Goldberg, J. M., & Jaberi, A. (2006). Physical aspects of transgender endocrine therapy. _International Journal of Transgenderism_, _9_(3–4), 111–134. \[DOI:<https://doi.org/10.1300/J485v09n03_06>\]
|
||||
- Dahl, M., Feldman, J. L., Goldberg, J., & Jaberi, A. (2006). _Endocrine Therapy for Transgender Adults in British Columbia: Suggested Guidelines. Physical Aspects of Transgender Endocrine Therapy._ Vancouver: Vancouver Coastal Health. \[[Google Scholar](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cluster=10288793516023166968)\] \[[PDF](https://www.cpath.ca/wp-content/uploads/2009/12/guidelines-endocrine.pdf)\]
|
||||
- de Voogt, H. J., Rao, B. R., Gooren, L. J. G., Geldof, A. A., & Bouman, F. G. (1987). Considerations About the Use of Anti-Androgenic Drugs in Male-to-Female Transsexuals. _Tenth International Symposium on Gender Dysphoria, Diagnosis and Treatment of Transsexualism, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, The Netherlands, June 9–12, 1987._ Harry Benjamin International Gender Dysphoria Association. \[[PDF](https://kinseyinstitute.org/pdf/HBIGDA_S10_1987OCR.pdf#page=55)\]
|
||||
- de Voogt, H. J., Rao, B. R., Geldof, A. A., Gooren, L. J. G., & Bouman, F. G. (1987). Androgen action blockade does not result in reduction in size but changes histology of the normal human prostate. _The Prostate_, _11_(4), 305–311. \[DOI:<https://doi.org/10.1002/pros.2990110403>\]
|
||||
- Deutsch, M. B. (2016). Overview of feminizing hormone therapy. In Deutsch, M. B. (Ed.). _Guidelines for the Primary and Gender-Affirming Care of Transgender and Gender Nonbinary People, 2nd Edition_ (pp. 26–48). San Francisco: University of California, San Francisco/UCSF Transgender Care. \[[URL](https://transcare.ucsf.edu/guidelines/feminizing-hormone-therapy)\] \[[PDF](https://transcare.ucsf.edu/sites/transcare.ucsf.edu/files/Transgender-PGACG-6-17-16.pdf#page=26)\]
|
||||
- Fernandez-Nieto, D., Saceda-Corralo, D., Rodrigues-Barata, R., Hermosa-Gelbard, A., Moreno-Arrones, O., Jimenez-Cauhe, J., Ortega-Quijano, D., & Vano-Galvan, S. (2019). Oral bicalutamide for female pattern hair loss: A pilot study. _Dermatologic Therapy_, _32_(6), e13096. \[DOI:<https://doi.org/10.1111/dth.13096>\]
|
||||
- Fernandez-Nieto, D., Saceda-Corralo, D., Jimenez-Cauhe, J., Moreno-Arrones, O. M., Rodrigues-Barata, R., Hermosa-Gelbard, A., & Vano-Galvan, S. (2020). Bicalutamide: A potential new oral antiandrogenic drug for female pattern hair loss. _Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology_, _83_(5), e355–e356. \[DOI:<https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2020.04.054>\]
|
||||
- Finkle, A., Zavertnik, S., Myers, S., Cormier, D., Heithaus, J., & Augustyn, M. (2020). Growing Up Fast: Managing Autism Spectrum Disorder and Precocious Puberty. _Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics: JDBP_, _41_(9), 740–742. \[DOI:<https://doi.org/10.1097/DBP.0000000000000865>\]
|
||||
- Fishman, S. L., Paliou, M., Poretsky, L., & Hembree, W. C. (2019). Endocrine Care of Transgender Adults. In Poretsky, L., & Hembree, W. C. (Eds.). _Transgender Medicine_ (pp. 143–163). Cham: Humana Press. \[DOI:<https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-05683-4_8>\]
|
||||
- Food and Drug Administration (FDA). (2017). _CASODEX (bicalutamide) tablet, for oral use._ \[[URL](https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cder/daf/index.cfm?event=overview.process&ApplNo=020498)\] \[[PDF](https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2017/020498s028lbl.pdf)\]
|
||||
- Gooren, L., Spinder, T., Spijkstra, J. J., Van Kessel, H., Smals, A., Rao, B. R., & Hoogslag, M. (1987). Sex steroids and pulsatile luteinizing hormone release in men. Studies in estrogen-treated agonadal subjects and eugonadal subjects treated with a novel nonsteroidal antiandrogen. _The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism_, _64_(4), 763–770. \[DOI:<https://doi.org/10.1210/jcem-64-4-763>\]
|
||||
- Gooren, L. J. G. (1999). Hormonal Sex Reassignment. _International Journal of Transgenderism_, _3_(3), 1–7. \[[Google Scholar](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cluster=1501455977722930279)\] \[[URL](http://web.archive.org/web/20070430161048/http://www.symposion.com/ijt/ijt990301.htm)\] \[[Alt](http://www.tgmeds.org.uk/hormonal-sex-reassignment.html)\]
|
||||
- Gooren, L. J. (2011). Care of transsexual persons. _New England Journal of_ Medicine, _364_(13), 1251–1257. \[DOI:<https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMcp1008161>\]
|
||||
- Graham, D. J., Ahmad, S. R., & Piazza‐Hepp, T. (2002). Spontaneous Reporting—USA. In Mann, R. D., & Andrews, E. B. (Eds.). _Pharmacovigilance_ (pp. 219–227). Chichester: John Wiley & Sons. \[DOI:<https://doi.org/10.1002/0470853093.ch17>\]
|
||||
- Gurnurkar, S., DiLillo, E., & Carakushansky, M. (2021). A Case of Familial Male-limited Precocious Puberty with a Novel Mutation. _Journal of Clinical Research in Pediatric Endocrinology_, _13_(2), 239–244. \[DOI:<https://doi.org/10.4274/jcrpe.galenos.2020.2020.0067>\]
|
||||
- Haddad, N. G., & Eugster, E. A. (2012). Peripheral Precocious Puberty: Interventions to Improve Growth. In Preedy, V. R. (Ed.). _Handbook of Growth and Growth Monitoring in Health and Disease_ (pp. 1199–1212). New York: Springer. \[DOI:<https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-1795-9_71>\]
|
||||
- Hamidi, O., & Davidge-Pitts, C. J. (2019). Transfeminine Hormone Therapy. _Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics_, _48_(2), 341–355. \[DOI:<https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecl.2019.02.001>\]
|
||||
- Hembree, W. C., Cohen-Kettenis, P., Delemarre-Van De Waal, H. A., Gooren, L. J., Meyer III, W. J., Spack, N. P., Tangpricha, V., & Montori, V. M. (2009). Endocrine treatment of transsexual persons: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. _The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism_, _94_(9), 3132–3154. \[DOI:<https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2009-0345>\]
|
||||
- Hembree, W. C., Cohen-Kettenis, P. T., Gooren, L., Hannema, S. E., Meyer, W. J., Murad, M. H., Rosenthal, S. M., Safer, J. D., Tangpricha, V., & T’Sjoen, G. G. (2017). Endocrine Treatment of Gender-Dysphoric/Gender-Incongruent Persons: An Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline. _The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism_, _102_(11), 3869–3903. \[DOI:<https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2017-01658>\] \[[PDF](https://academic.oup.com/jcem/article-pdf/102/11/3869/21533864/jc.2017-01658.pdf)\]
|
||||
- Ismail, F. F., Meah, N., de Carvalho, L. T., Bhoyrul, B., Wall, D., & Sinclair, R. (2020). Safety of oral bicalutamide in female pattern hair loss: A retrospective review of 316 patients. _Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology_, _83_(5), 1478–1479. \[DOI:<https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2020.03.034>\]
|
||||
- Israel, G. E., & Tarver, D. E. (1997). _Transgender Care: Recommended Guidelines, Practical Information, and Personal Accounts_ (p. 66). Philadelphia: Temple University Press. \[[Google Scholar](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cluster=5451071852495304201)\] \[[Google Books](https://books.google.com/books?id=IlPX6E5glDEC&pg=PA66)\]
|
||||
- Iversen, P., Johansson, J. E., Lodding, P., Lukkarinen, O., Lundmo, P., Klarskov, P., Tammela, T. L., Tasdemir, I., Morris, T., Carroll, K., & Scandinavian Prostatic Cancer Group (2004). Bicalutamide (150 mg) versus placebo as immediate therapy alone or as adjuvant to therapy with curative intent for early nonmetastatic prostate cancer: 5.3-year median followup from the Scandinavian Prostate Cancer Group Study Number 6. _The Journal of Urology_, _172_(5 Part 1), 1871–1876. \[DOI:<https://doi.org/10.1097/01.ju.0000139719.99825.54>\]
|
||||
- Iwamoto, S. J., Defreyne, J., Rothman, M. S., Van Schuylenbergh, J., Van de Bruaene, L., Motmans, J., & T’Sjoen, G. (2019). Health considerations for transgender women and remaining unknowns: a narrative review. _Therapeutic Advances in Endocrinology and Metabolism_, _10_, 2042018819871166. \[DOI:[10.1177/2042018819871166](https://doi.org/10.1177%2F2042018819871166)\]
|
||||
- Johannes, F. L. M., van Kemenade, M. A., Cohen-Kettenis, P. T., Cohen, L., & Gooren, L. J. G. (1987). Effects of RU 23.903 (Anandron) on Lateralization and Spatial Ability in Male-to-Female-Transsexuals. _Tenth International Symposium on Gender Dysphoria, Diagnosis and Treatment of Transsexualism, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, The Netherlands, June 9–12, 1987._ Harry Benjamin International Gender Dysphoria Association. \[[PDF](https://kinseyinstitute.org/pdf/HBIGDA_S10_1987OCR.pdf#page=35)\]
|
||||
- Kolvenbag, G. J., & Blackledge, G. R. (1996). Worldwide activity and safety of bicalutamide: a summary review. _Urology_, _47_(1), 70–79. \[DOI:<https://doi.org/10.1016/S0090-4295(96)80012-4>\]
|
||||
- Kor, Y. (2018). Central precocious puberty in a case of late-diagnosed familial testotoxicosis and long-term treatment monitoring. _Hormones_, _17_(2), 275–278. \[DOI:<https://doi.org/10.1007/s42000-018-0029-1>\]
|
||||
- Kreher, N. C., Pescovitz, O. H., Delameter, P., Tiulpakov, A., & Hochberg, Z. E. (2006). Treatment of familial male-limited precocious puberty with bicalutamide and anastrozole. _The Journal of Pediatrics_, _149_(3), 416–420. \[DOI:<https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2006.04.027>\]
|
||||
- Lenz, A. M., Shulman, D., Eugster, E. A., Rahhal, S., Fuqua, J. S., Pescovitz, O. H., & Lewis, K. A. (2010). Bicalutamide and third-generation aromatase inhibitors in testotoxicosis. _Pediatrics_, _126_(3), e728–e733. \[DOI:<https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2010-0596>\]
|
||||
- Levy, A., Crown, A., & Reid, R. (2003). Endocrine intervention for transsexuals. _Clinical Endocrinology_, _59_(4), 409–418. \[DOI:<https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2265.2003.01821.x>\]
|
||||
- Lewis, K. A., Lenz, A., Eugster, E. A., Fuqua, J. S., Pescovitz, O. H., Rahhal, S., & Shulman, D. (2009). Long term bicalutamide and 3rd generation aromatase inhibitor therapy in two boys with testotoxicosis. _Hormone Research \[in Paediatrics\]_, _72_(Suppl 3), 266–267 (PO2-189). \[[Google Scholar](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cluster=5540864211259664143)\] \[DOI:<https://doi.org/10.1159/000239668>\]
|
||||
- Manso, G., Thole, Z., Salgueiro, E., Revuelta, P., & Hidalgo, A. (2006). Spontaneous reporting of hepatotoxicity associated with antiandrogens: data from the Spanish pharmacovigilance system. _Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety_, _15_(4), 253–259. \[DOI:<https://doi.org/10.1002/pds.1168>\]
|
||||
- McLeod, D. G. (1997). Tolerability of Nonsteroidal Antiandrogens in the Treatment of Advanced Prostate Cancer. _The Oncologist_, _2_(1), 18–27. \[DOI:<https://doi.org/10.1634/theoncologist.2-1-18>\]
|
||||
- Michigan Medicine. (2020). _Feminizing Gender-Affirming Hormone Care: The Michigan Medicine Approach._ Ann Arbor: Michigan Medicine/University of Michigan. \[[URL](https://medicine.umich.edu/dept/obgyn/education/continuing-medical-education-cme/transgender-healthcare-curriculum)\] \[[PDF](http://www.med.umich.edu/1libr/ComprehensiveGenderServicesProgram/MMapproachFemGenderAffirmingHormones.pdf)\]
|
||||
- Mitchell, F. (2020). Guy T’Sjoen: collaborating to improve transgender wellbeing. _The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology_, _8_(7), 568–568. \[DOI:<https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-8587(20)30192-3>\]
|
||||
- Mitre, N., & Lteif, A. (2009). Treatment of familial male-limited precocious puberty (testotoxicosis) with anastrozole and bicalutamide in a boy with a novel mutation in the luteinizing hormone receptor. _Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism_, _22_(12), 1163–1168. \[DOI:<https://doi.org/10.1515/JPEM.2009.22.12.1163>\]
|
||||
- Moreno-Pérez, Ó., De Antonio, I. E., & Grupo de Identidad y Diferenciación Sexual de la SEEN (GIDSEEN. (2012). Clinical practice guidelines for assessment and treatment of transsexualism. SEEN Identity and Sexual Differentiation Group (GIDSEEN). _Endocrinología y Nutrición (English Edition)_, _59_(6), 367–382. \[DOI:<https://doi.org/10.1016/j.endoen.2012.07.004>\]
|
||||
- Moretti, C. G., Guccione, L., Di Giacinto, P., Cannuccia, A., Meleca, C., Lanzolla, G., Andreadi, A., & Lauro, D. (2016). Efficacy and Safety of Myo-Inositol Supplementation in the Treatment of Obese Hirsute PCOS Women: Comparative Evaluation with OCP+Bicalutamide Therapy. _Endocrine Reviews_, _37_(2 Suppl 1) (SUN-153). \[[URL](https://endo.confex.com/endo/2016endo/webprogram/Paper26631.html)\] \[DOI:<https://doi.org/10.1093/edrv/37.supp.1>\]
|
||||
- Moretti, C., Guccione, L., Di Giacinto, P., Simonelli, I., Exacoustos, C., Toscano, V., Motta, C., De Leo, V., Petraglia, F., & Lenzi, A. (2018). Combined oral contraception and bicalutamide in polycystic ovary syndrome and severe hirsutism: a double-blind randomized controlled trial. _The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism_, _103_(3), 824–838. \[DOI:<https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2017-01186>\]
|
||||
- Moussa, A., Kazmi, A., Bokhari, L., & Sinclair, R. D. (2021). Bicalutamide improves minoxidil-induced hypertrichosis in female pattern hair loss: A retrospective review of 35 patients. _Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology_, online ahead of print. \[DOI:<https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2021.10.048>\]
|
||||
- Muderris, I. I., Bayram, F., & Guven, M. (1999). Bicalutamide 25 mg/day in the treatment of hirsutism. _Human Reproduction_, _14_(Suppl 3), 366–366 (R-196). \[DOI:<https://doi.org/10.1093/humrep/14.Suppl_3.366-a>\]
|
||||
- Müderris, I. I., Bayram, F., Özçelik, B., & Güven, M. (2002). New alternative treatment in hirsutism: bicalutamide 25 mg/day. _Gynecological Endocrinology_, _16_(1), 63–66. \[DOI:<https://doi.org/10.1080/gye.16.1.63.66>\]
|
||||
- Müderris, İ. İ., & Öner, G. (2009). Hirsutizm Tedavisinde Flutamid ve Bikalutamid Kullanımı. \[Flutamide and Bicalutamide Treatment in Hirsutism.\] _Türkiye Klinikleri Endokrinoloji-Özel Dergisi_, _2_(2), 110–112. \[ISSN:[1308-0954](https://portal.issn.org/resource/ISSN/1308-0954)\] \[[URL](https://www.turkiyeklinikleri.com/article/en-hirsutizm-tedavisinde-flutamid-ve-bikalutamid-kullanimi-55753.html)\] \[[PDF](https://files.transfemscience.org/pdfs/M%C3%BCderris%20&%20%C3%96ner%20(2009)%20-%20Hirsutizm%20Tedavisinde%20Flutamid%20ve%20Bikalutamid%20Kullan%C4%B1m%C4%B1%20%5BFlutamide%20and%20Bicalutamide%20Treatment%20in%20Hirsutism%5D.pdf)\] \[[Translation](https://docs.google.com/document/d/1jwdHS1kUQk4pm4J1xVTtUehiFnrkIkpTMO1D1yI7fpI/view)\]
|
||||
- Nabhan, Z. M., & Eugster, E. A. (2019). Testotoxicosis with an episodic course: an unusual case within a series. _AACE Clinical Case Reports_, _5_(1), e50–e53. \[DOI:<https://doi.org/10.4158/ACCR-2018-0246>\]
|
||||
- Neyman, A., Fuqua, J. S., & Eugster, E. A. (2017). Bicalutamide as an Androgen Blocker with Secondary Effect of Promoting Feminization in Male to Female (MTF) Transgender Adolescents. 10th Individual Abstracts for International Meeting of Pediatric Endocrinology: Free Communication and Poster Sessions, Abstracts. _Hormone Research in Paediatrics_, _88_(Suppl 1), 1–628 (477; P3-605). \[DOI:<https://doi.org/10.1159/000481424>\] \[[PDF](https://files.transfemscience.org/pdfs/Neyman,%20Fuqua,%20&%20Eugster%20(2017)%20-%20Bicalutamide%20as%20an%20Androgen%20Blocker%20with%20Secondary%20Effect%20of%20Promoting%20Feminization%20in%20Male%20to%20Female%20(MTF)%20Transgender%20Adolescents.pdf#page=4)\]
|
||||
- Neyman, A., Fuqua, J. S., & Eugster, E. A. (2019). Bicalutamide as an androgen blocker with secondary effect of promoting feminization in male-to-female transgender adolescents. _Journal of Adolescent Health_, _64_(4), 544–546. \[DOI:<https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2018.10.296>\]
|
||||
- Özcabı, B., Ceylaner, S., Özcan, R., Büyükünal, C., Ercan, O., Tüysüz, B., & Evliyaoğlu, O. (2015). Testotoxicosis: Report of Two Cases, One with a Novel Mutation in LHCGR Gene. _Journal of Clinical Research in Pediatric Endocrinology_, _7_(3), 242–248. \[DOI:<https://doi.org/10.4274/jcrpe.2067>\]
|
||||
- Randolph Jr, J. F. (2018). Gender-Affirming Hormone Therapy for Transgender Females. _Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology_, _61_(4), 705–721. \[DOI:<https://doi.org/10.1097/GRF.0000000000000396>\] \[[URL](https://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/wk/cobg/2018/00000061/00000004/art00008)\]
|
||||
- Rao, B. R., De Voogt, H. J., Geldof, A. A., Gooren, L. J. G., & Bouman, F. G. (1988). Merits and considerations in the use of anti-androgen. _Journal of Steroid Biochemistry_, _31_(4), 731–737. \[DOI:<https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-4731(88)90024-6>\]
|
||||
- Reiter, E. O., Mauras, N., McCormick, K., Kulshreshtha, B., Amrhein, J., De Luca, F., O’Brien, S., Armstrong, J., & Melezinkova, H. (2010). Bicalutamide plus anastrozole for the treatment of gonadotropin-independent precocious puberty in boys with testotoxicosis: a phase II, open-label pilot study (BATT). _Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology & Metabolism: JPEM_, _23_(10), 999–1009. \[DOI:<https://doi.org/10.1515/jpem.2010.161>\]
|
||||
- Schellhammer, P. F., Sharifi, R., Block, N. L., Soloway, M. S., Venner, P. M., Patterson, A. L., Sarosdy, M. F., Vogelzang, N. J., Schellenger, J. J., Kolvenbag, G. J., & Casodex Combination Study Group (1997). Clinical benefits of bicalutamide compared with flutamide in combined androgen blockade for patients with advanced prostatic carcinoma: final report of a double-blind, randomized, multicenter trial. _Urology_, _50_(3), 330–336. \[DOI:<https://doi.org/10.1016/s0090-4295(97)00279-3>\]
|
||||
- See, W. A., Wirth, M. P., McLeod, D. G., Iversen, P., Klimberg, I., Gleason, D., Chodak, G., Montie, J., Tyrrell, C., Wallace, D. M., Delaere, K. P., Vaage, S., Tammela, T. L., Lukkarinen, O., Persson, B. E., Carroll, K., Kolvenbag, G. J., & Casodex Early Prostate Cancer Trialist Group (2002). Bicalutamide as immediate therapy either alone or as adjuvant to standard care of patients with localized or locally advanced prostate cancer: first analysis of the early prostate cancer program. _The Journal of Urology_, _168_(2), 429–435. \[DOI:<https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-5347(05)64652-6>\]
|
||||
- Stenger, P. J., Wagner, L., Egelhoff, J., & Rose, S. R. (2009). Bicalutamide and letrozole treatment of precocious puberty due to elevated levels of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). _Hormone Research_ \[_in Paediatrics_\], _72_(Suppl 3), 391–391 (PO3-149). \[[Google Scholar](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cluster=9944726539277415138)\] \[DOI:<https://doi.org/10.1159/000239668>\]
|
||||
- Tessaris, D., Matarazzo, P., Mussa, A., Tuli, G., Verna, F., Fiore, L., & Lala, R. (2012). Combined treatment with bicalutamide and anastrozole in a young boy with peripheral precocious puberty due to McCune-Albright Syndrome. _Endocrine Journal_, _59_(2), 111–117. \[DOI:<https://doi.org/10.1507/endocrj.ej11-0214>\]
|
||||
- Thole, Z., Manso, G., Salgueiro, E., Revuelta, P., & Hidalgo, A. (2004). Hepatotoxicity induced by antiandrogens: a review of the literature. _Urologia Internationalis_, _73_(4), 289–295. \[DOI:<https://doi.org/10.1159/000081585>\]
|
||||
- Thompson, J., Hopwood, R. A., deNormand, S., & Cavanaugh, T. (2021). _Medical Care of Trans and Gender Diverse Adults._ Boston: Fenway Health. \[[URL](https://www.lgbtqiahealtheducation.org/publication/medical-care-of-trans-and-gender-diverse-adults-2021/)\] \[[PDF](https://www.lgbtqiahealtheducation.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/Medical-Care-of-Trans-and-Gender-Diverse-Adults-Spring-2021.pdf)\]
|
||||
- Tomson, A., McLachlan, C., Wattrus, C., Adams, K., Addinall, R., Bothma, R., Jankelowitz, L., Kotze, E., Luvuno, Z., Madlala, N., Matyila, S., Padavatan, A., Pillay, M., Rakumakoe, M. D., Tomson-Myburgh, M., Venter, W., & de Vries, E. (2021). Southern African HIV Clinicians’ Society gender-affirming healthcare guideline for South Africa. _Southern African Journal of HIV Medicine_, _22_(1), a1299. \[DOI:<https://doi.org/10.4102/sajhivmed.v22i1.1299>\] \[[PDF](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8517808/pdf/HIVMED-22-1299.pdf)\]
|
||||
- van Kemenade, J. F., Cohen-Kettenis, P. T., Cohen, L., & Gooren, L. J. (1989). Effects of the pure antiandrogen RU 23.903 (anandron) on sexuality, aggression, and mood in male-to-female transsexuals. _Archives of Sexual Behavior_, _18_(3), 217–228. \[DOI:<https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01543196>\]
|
||||
- Anderson, J. (2003). The role of antiandrogen monotherapy in the treatment of prostate cancer. *BJU International*, *91*(5), 455–461. \[DOI:[10.1046/j.1464-410X.2003.04026.x][A03]]
|
||||
- Arya, V. B., & Davies, J. H. (2019). Idiopathic gonadotropin-independent precocious puberty - is regular surveillance required? *Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology & Metabolism: JPEM*, *32*(4), 403–407. \[DOI:[10.1515/jpem-2018-0419][AD19]]
|
||||
- Asscheman, H., Gooren, L. J., & Peereboom-Wynia, J. D. (1989). Reduction in undesired sexual hair growth with anandron in male-to-female transsexuals—experiences with a novel androgen receptor blocker. *Clinical and Experimental Dermatology*, *14*(5), 361–363. \[DOI:[10.1111/j.1365-2230.1989.tb02585.x][AGP89]]
|
||||
- Asscheman, H., & Gooren, L. J. (1992). Hormone Treatment in Transsexuals. In Bocking, W. O., Coleman, E. (Eds). *Gender Dysphoria: Interdisciplinary Approaches in Clinical Management* (pp. 39–54). Binghamton: Haworth Press. / *Journal of Psychology & Human Sexuality*, *5*(4), 39–54. \[[Google 学术][AG92-GS]] \[[Google 阅读][AG92-GB]] \[DOI:[10.1300/J056v05n04\_03][AG92]]
|
||||
- AstraZeneca. (2008). *Clinical Review. NDA. 22-310/S-001. Casodex (bicalutamide) for Testotoxicosis.* Food and Drug Administration/AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals. \[[URL][AZ08-FDA]] \[[PDF][AZ08-PDF]]
|
||||
- Bahceci, M., Tuzcu, A., Canoruc, N., Tuzun, Y., Kidir, V., & Aslan, C. (2004). Serum C-reactive protein (CRP) levels and insulin resistance in non-obese women with polycystic ovarian syndrome, and effect of bicalutamide on hirsutism, CRP levels and insulin resistance. *Hormone Research in Paediatrics*, *62*(6), 283–287. \[DOI:[10.1159/000081973][B04]]
|
||||
- Bailey, A. (2023 February 9). *Missouri Attorney General Andrew Bailey Confirms Launch of Multi-Agency Investigation into St. Louis Transgender Center for Harming Hundreds of Children.* Attorney General Andrew Bailey, Missouri Government. \[[URL][MG23]] \[[Jamie Reed 的证词全文][MG23-PDF]]
|
||||
- Blackledge, G. R. P. (1996). Clinical progress with a new antiandrogen, Casodex™ (bicalutamide). *European Urology*, *29*(Suppl 2), 96–104. \[DOI:[10.1159/000473847][B96]]
|
||||
- Cocchetti, C., Ristori, J., Romani, A., Maggi, M., & Fisher, A. D. (2020). Hormonal Treatment Strategies Tailored to Non-Binary Transgender Individuals. *Journal of Clinical Medicine*, *9*(6), 1609. \[DOI:[10.3390/jcm9061609][C20]]
|
||||
- Coleman, E., Radix, A. E., Bouman, W. P., Brown, G. R., de Vries, A. L., Deutsch, M. B., Ettner, R., Fraser, L., Goodman, M., Green, J., Hancock, A. B., Johnson, T. W., Karasic, D. H., Knudson, G. A., Leibowitz, S. F., Meyer-Bahlburg, H. F., Monstrey, S. J., Motmans, J., Nahata, L., … & Arcelus, J. (2022). \[World Professional Association for Transgender Health (WPATH)] Standards of Care for the Health of Transgender and Gender Diverse People, Version 8. *International Journal of Transgender Health*, *23*(Suppl 1), S1–S259. \[DOI:[10.1080/26895269.2022.2100644][C22]] \[[URL][C22-WPATH]] \[[PDF][C22-PDF]]
|
||||
- Dahl, M., Feldman, J. L., Goldberg, J. M., & Jaberi, A. (2006). Physical aspects of transgender endocrine therapy. *International Journal of Transgenderism*, *9*(3–4), 111–134. \[DOI:[10.1300/J485v09n03\_06][D06a]]
|
||||
- Dahl, M., Feldman, J. L., Goldberg, J., & Jaberi, A. (2006). *Endocrine Therapy for Transgender Adults in British Columbia: Suggested Guidelines. Physical Aspects of Transgender Endocrine Therapy.* Vancouver: Vancouver Coastal Health. \[[Google 学术][D06b-GS]] \[[PDF][D06b]]
|
||||
- de Voogt, H. J., Rao, B. R., Gooren, L. J. G., Geldof, A. A., & Bouman, F. G. (1987). Considerations About the Use of Anti-Androgenic Drugs in Male-to-Female Transsexuals. *Tenth International Symposium on Gender Dysphoria, Diagnosis and Treatment of Transsexualism, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, The Netherlands, June 9–12, 1987.* Harry Benjamin International Gender Dysphoria Association. \[[PDF][V87a]]
|
||||
- de Voogt, H. J., Rao, B. R., Geldof, A. A., Gooren, L. J. G., & Bouman, F. G. (1987). Androgen action blockade does not result in reduction in size but changes histology of the normal human prostate. *The Prostate*, *11*(4), 305–311. \[DOI:[10.1002/pros.2990110403][V87b]]
|
||||
- Deutsch, M. B. (2016). Overview of feminizing hormone therapy. In Deutsch, M. B. (Ed.). *Guidelines for the Primary and Gender-Affirming Care of Transgender and Gender Nonbinary People, 2nd Edition* (pp. 26–48). San Francisco: University of California, San Francisco/UCSF Transgender Care. \[[URL][D16-FHT]] \[[PDF][D16-PDF]]
|
||||
- Fernandez-Nieto, D., Saceda-Corralo, D., Rodrigues-Barata, R., Hermosa-Gelbard, A., Moreno-Arrones, O., Jimenez-Cauhe, J., Ortega-Quijano, D., & Vano-Galvan, S. (2019). Oral bicalutamide for female pattern hair loss: A pilot study. *Dermatologic Therapy*, *32*(6), e13096. \[DOI:[10.1111/dth.13096][FN19]]
|
||||
- Fernandez-Nieto, D., Saceda-Corralo, D., Jimenez-Cauhe, J., Moreno-Arrones, O. M., Rodrigues-Barata, R., Hermosa-Gelbard, A., & Vano-Galvan, S. (2020). Bicalutamide: A potential new oral antiandrogenic drug for female pattern hair loss. *Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology*, *83*(5), e355–e356. \[DOI:[10.1016/j.jaad.2020.04.054][FN20]]
|
||||
- Finkle, A., Zavertnik, S., Myers, S., Cormier, D., Heithaus, J., & Augustyn, M. (2020). Growing Up Fast: Managing Autism Spectrum Disorder and Precocious Puberty. *Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics: JDBP*, *41*(9), 740–742. \[DOI:[10.1097/DBP.0000000000000865][F20]]
|
||||
- Fishman, S. L., Paliou, M., Poretsky, L., & Hembree, W. C. (2019). Endocrine Care of Transgender Adults. In Poretsky, L., & Hembree, W. C. (Eds.). *Transgender Medicine* (pp. 143–163). Cham: Humana Press. \[DOI:[10.1007/978-3-030-05683-4\_8][FPPH19]]
|
||||
- Food and Drug Administration (FDA). (2017). *CASODEX (bicalutamide) tablet, for oral use.* \[[URL][FDA17-FDA]] \[[PDF][FDA17]] \[[中译本]({{< ref "casodex" >}})]
|
||||
- Gooren, L., Spinder, T., Spijkstra, J. J., Van Kessel, H., Smals, A., Rao, B. R., & Hoogslag, M. (1987). Sex steroids and pulsatile luteinizing hormone release in men. Studies in estrogen-treated agonadal subjects and eugonadal subjects treated with a novel nonsteroidal antiandrogen. *The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism*, *64*(4), 763–770. \[DOI:[10.1210/jcem-64-4-763][G87]]
|
||||
- Gooren, L. J. G. (1999). Hormonal Sex Reassignment. *International Journal of Transgenderism*, *3*(3), 1–7. \[[Google 学术][G99-GS]] \[[URL][G99]] \[[Alt][G99-ALT]]
|
||||
- Gooren, L. J. (2011). Care of transsexual persons. *New England Journal of* Medicine, *364*(13), 1251–1257. \[DOI:[10.1056/NEJMcp1008161][G11]]
|
||||
- Graham, D. J., Ahmad, S. R., & Piazza‐Hepp, T. (2002). Spontaneous Reporting—USA. In Mann, R. D., & Andrews, E. B. (Eds.). *Pharmacovigilance* (pp. 219–227). Chichester: John Wiley & Sons. \[DOI:[10.1002/0470853093.ch17][GAP02]]
|
||||
- Gurnurkar, S., DiLillo, E., & Carakushansky, M. (2021). A Case of Familial Male-limited Precocious Puberty with a Novel Mutation. *Journal of Clinical Research in Pediatric Endocrinology*, *13*(2), 239–244. \[DOI:[10.4274/jcrpe.galenos.2020.2020.0067][GDC21]]
|
||||
- Haddad, N. G., & Eugster, E. A. (2012). Peripheral Precocious Puberty: Interventions to Improve Growth. In Preedy, V. R. (Ed.). *Handbook of Growth and Growth Monitoring in Health and Disease* (pp. 1199–1212). New York: Springer. \[DOI:[10.1007/978-1-4419-1795-9\_71][HE12]]
|
||||
- Hamidi, O., & Davidge-Pitts, C. J. (2019). Transfeminine Hormone Therapy. *Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics*, *48*(2), 341–355. \[DOI:[10.1016/j.ecl.2019.02.001][HDP19]]
|
||||
- Hembree, W. C., Cohen-Kettenis, P., Delemarre-Van De Waal, H. A., Gooren, L. J., Meyer III, W. J., Spack, N. P., Tangpricha, V., & Montori, V. M. (2009). Endocrine treatment of transsexual persons: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. *The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism*, *94*(9), 3132–3154. \[DOI:[10.1210/jc.2009-0345][H09]]
|
||||
- Hembree, W. C., Cohen-Kettenis, P. T., Gooren, L., Hannema, S. E., Meyer, W. J., Murad, M. H., Rosenthal, S. M., Safer, J. D., Tangpricha, V., & T’Sjoen, G. G. (2017). Endocrine Treatment of Gender-Dysphoric/Gender-Incongruent Persons: An Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline. *The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism*, *102*(11), 3869–3903. \[DOI:[10.1210/jc.2017-01658][H17]] \[[PDF][H17-PDF]]
|
||||
- Ismail, F. F., Meah, N., de Carvalho, L. T., Bhoyrul, B., Wall, D., & Sinclair, R. (2020). Safety of oral bicalutamide in female pattern hair loss: A retrospective review of 316 patients. *Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology*, *83*(5), 1478–1479. \[DOI:[10.1016/j.jaad.2020.03.034][I20]]
|
||||
- Israel, G. E., & Tarver, D. E. (1997). *Transgender Care: Recommended Guidelines, Practical Information, and Personal Accounts* (p. 66). Philadelphia: Temple University Press. \[[Google 学术][IT97-GS]] \[[Google 阅读][IT97]]
|
||||
- Iversen, P., Johansson, J. E., Lodding, P., Lukkarinen, O., Lundmo, P., Klarskov, P., Tammela, T. L., Tasdemir, I., Morris, T., Carroll, K., & Scandinavian Prostatic Cancer Group (2004). Bicalutamide (150 mg) versus placebo as immediate therapy alone or as adjuvant to therapy with curative intent for early nonmetastatic prostate cancer: 5.3-year median followup from the Scandinavian Prostate Cancer Group Study Number 6. *The Journal of Urology*, *172*(5 Part 1), 1871–1876. \[DOI:[10.1097/01.ju.0000139719.99825.54][I04]]
|
||||
- Iwamoto, S. J., Defreyne, J., Rothman, M. S., Van Schuylenbergh, J., Van de Bruaene, L., Motmans, J., & T’Sjoen, G. (2019). Health considerations for transgender women and remaining unknowns: a narrative review. *Therapeutic Advances in Endocrinology and Metabolism*, *10*, 2042018819871166. \[DOI:[10.1177/2042018819871166][I19]]
|
||||
- Johannes, F. L. M., van Kemenade, M. A., Cohen-Kettenis, P. T., Cohen, L., & Gooren, L. J. G. (1987). Effects of RU 23.903 (Anandron) on Lateralization and Spatial Ability in Male-to-Female-Transsexuals. *Tenth International Symposium on Gender Dysphoria, Diagnosis and Treatment of Transsexualism, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, The Netherlands, June 9–12, 1987.* Harry Benjamin International Gender Dysphoria Association. \[[PDF][J87]]
|
||||
- Kolvenbag, G. J., & Blackledge, G. R. (1996). Worldwide activity and safety of bicalutamide: a summary review. *Urology*, *47*(1), 70–79. \[DOI:[10.1016/S0090-4295(96)80012-4][KB96]]
|
||||
- Kor, Y. (2018). Central precocious puberty in a case of late-diagnosed familial testotoxicosis and long-term treatment monitoring. *Hormones*, *17*(2), 275–278. \[DOI:[10.1007/s42000-018-0029-1][K18]]
|
||||
- Kreher, N. C., Pescovitz, O. H., Delameter, P., Tiulpakov, A., & Hochberg, Z. E. (2006). Treatment of familial male-limited precocious puberty with bicalutamide and anastrozole. *The Journal of Pediatrics*, *149*(3), 416–420. \[DOI:[10.1016/j.jpeds.2006.04.027][K06]]
|
||||
- Lenz, A. M., Shulman, D., Eugster, E. A., Rahhal, S., Fuqua, J. S., Pescovitz, O. H., & Lewis, K. A. (2010). Bicalutamide and third-generation aromatase inhibitors in testotoxicosis. *Pediatrics*, *126*(3), e728–e733. \[DOI:[10.1542/peds.2010-0596][L10]]
|
||||
- Levy, A., Crown, A., & Reid, R. (2003). Endocrine intervention for transsexuals. *Clinical Endocrinology*, *59*(4), 409–418. \[DOI:[10.1046/j.1365-2265.2003.01821.x][LCR03]]
|
||||
- Lewis, K. A., Lenz, A., Eugster, E. A., Fuqua, J. S., Pescovitz, O. H., Rahhal, S., & Shulman, D. (2009). Long term bicalutamide and 3rd generation aromatase inhibitor therapy in two boys with testotoxicosis. *Hormone Research \[in Paediatrics]*, *72*(Suppl 3), 266–267 (PO2-189). \[[Google 学术][L09-GS]] \[DOI:[10.1159/000239668][L09]]
|
||||
- Manso, G., Thole, Z., Salgueiro, E., Revuelta, P., & Hidalgo, A. (2006). Spontaneous reporting of hepatotoxicity associated with antiandrogens: data from the Spanish pharmacovigilance system. *Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety*, *15*(4), 253–259. \[DOI:[10.1002/pds.1168][M06]]
|
||||
- McLeod, D. G. (1997). Tolerability of Nonsteroidal Antiandrogens in the Treatment of Advanced Prostate Cancer. *The Oncologist*, *2*(1), 18–27. \[DOI:[10.1634/theoncologist.2-1-18][ML97]]
|
||||
- Michigan Medicine. (2020). *Feminizing Gender-Affirming Hormone Care: The Michigan Medicine Approach.* Ann Arbor: Michigan Medicine/University of Michigan. \[[URL][MM20-UMICH]] \[[PDF][MM20]]
|
||||
- Mitchell, F. (2020). Guy T’Sjoen: collaborating to improve transgender wellbeing. *The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology*, *8*(7), 568–568. \[DOI:[10.1016/S2213-8587(20)30192-3][M20]]
|
||||
- Mitre, N., & Lteif, A. (2009). Treatment of familial male-limited precocious puberty (testotoxicosis) with anastrozole and bicalutamide in a boy with a novel mutation in the luteinizing hormone receptor. *Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism*, *22*(12), 1163–1168. \[DOI:[10.1515/JPEM.2009.22.12.1163][ML09]]
|
||||
- Moreno-Pérez, Ó., De Antonio, I. E., & Grupo de Identidad y Diferenciación Sexual de la SEEN (GIDSEEN. (2012). Clinical practice guidelines for assessment and treatment of transsexualism. SEEN Identity and Sexual Differentiation Group (GIDSEEN). *Endocrinología y Nutrición (English Edition)*, *59*(6), 367–382. \[DOI:[10.1016/j.endoen.2012.07.004][MP12]]
|
||||
- Moretti, C. G., Guccione, L., Di Giacinto, P., Cannuccia, A., Meleca, C., Lanzolla, G., Andreadi, A., & Lauro, D. (2016). Efficacy and Safety of Myo-Inositol Supplementation in the Treatment of Obese Hirsute PCOS Women: Comparative Evaluation with OCP+Bicalutamide Therapy. *Endocrine Reviews*, *37*(2 Suppl 1) (SUN-153). \[[URL][M16]] \[DOI:[10.1093/edrv/37.supp.1][M16-DOI]]
|
||||
- Moretti, C., Guccione, L., Di Giacinto, P., Simonelli, I., Exacoustos, C., Toscano, V., Motta, C., De Leo, V., Petraglia, F., & Lenzi, A. (2018). Combined oral contraception and bicalutamide in polycystic ovary syndrome and severe hirsutism: a double-blind randomized controlled trial. *The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism*, *103*(3), 824–838. \[DOI:[10.1210/jc.2017-01186][M18]]
|
||||
- Moussa, A., Kazmi, A., Bokhari, L., & Sinclair, R. D. (2021). Bicalutamide improves minoxidil-induced hypertrichosis in female pattern hair loss: A retrospective review of 35 patients. *Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology*, online ahead of print. \[DOI:[10.1016/j.jaad.2021.10.048][M21]]
|
||||
- Muderris, I. I., Bayram, F., & Guven, M. (1999). Bicalutamide 25 mg/day in the treatment of hirsutism. *Human Reproduction*, *14*(Suppl 3), 366–366 (R-196). \[DOI:[10.1093/humrep/14.Suppl\_3.366-a][MBG99]]
|
||||
- Müderris, I. I., Bayram, F., Özçelik, B., & Güven, M. (2002). New alternative treatment in hirsutism: bicalutamide 25 mg/day. *Gynecological Endocrinology*, *16*(1), 63–66. \[DOI:[10.1080/gye.16.1.63.66][M02]]
|
||||
- Müderris, İ. İ., & Öner, G. (2009). Hirsutizm Tedavisinde Flutamid ve Bikalutamid Kullanımı. \[Flutamide and Bicalutamide Treatment in Hirsutism.] *Türkiye Klinikleri Endokrinoloji-Özel Dergisi*, *2*(2), 110–112. \[ISSN:[1308-0954][MO09-ISSN]] \[[URL][MO09]] \[[PDF][MO09-PDF]] \[[英译本][MO09-ENG]]
|
||||
- Nabhan, Z. M., & Eugster, E. A. (2019). Testotoxicosis with an episodic course: an unusual case within a series. *AACE Clinical Case Reports*, *5*(1), e50–e53. \[DOI:[10.4158/ACCR-2018-0246][NE19]]
|
||||
- Neyman, A., Fuqua, J. S., & Eugster, E. A. (2017). Bicalutamide as an Androgen Blocker with Secondary Effect of Promoting Feminization in Male to Female (MTF) Transgender Adolescents. 10th Individual Abstracts for International Meeting of Pediatric Endocrinology: Free Communication and Poster Sessions, Abstracts. *Hormone Research in Paediatrics*, *88*(Suppl 1), 1–628 (477; P3-605). \[DOI:[10.1159/000481424][NFE17-DOI]] \[[PDF][NFE17]]
|
||||
- Neyman, A., Fuqua, J. S., & Eugster, E. A. (2019). Bicalutamide as an androgen blocker with secondary effect of promoting feminization in male-to-female transgender adolescents. *Journal of Adolescent Health*, *64*(4), 544–546. \[DOI:[10.1016/j.jadohealth.2018.10.296][NFE19]]
|
||||
- Özcabı, B., Ceylaner, S., Özcan, R., Büyükünal, C., Ercan, O., Tüysüz, B., & Evliyaoğlu, O. (2015). Testotoxicosis: Report of Two Cases, One with a Novel Mutation in LHCGR Gene. *Journal of Clinical Research in Pediatric Endocrinology*, *7*(3), 242–248. \[DOI:[10.4274/jcrpe.2067][O15]]
|
||||
- Randolph Jr, J. F. (2018). Gender-Affirming Hormone Therapy for Transgender Females. *Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology*, *61*(4), 705–721. \[DOI:[10.1097/GRF.0000000000000396][R18]] \[[URL][R18-URL]]
|
||||
- Rao, B. R., De Voogt, H. J., Geldof, A. A., Gooren, L. J. G., & Bouman, F. G. (1988). Merits and considerations in the use of anti-androgen. *Journal of Steroid Biochemistry*, *31*(4), 731–737. \[DOI:[10.1016/0022-4731(88)90024-6][R88]]
|
||||
- Reed, J. (2023 February 9). I Thought I Was Saving Trans Kids. Now I’m Blowing the Whistle. *The Free Press*. \[[URL][R23]]
|
||||
- Reiter, E. O., Mauras, N., McCormick, K., Kulshreshtha, B., Amrhein, J., De Luca, F., O’Brien, S., Armstrong, J., & Melezinkova, H. (2010). Bicalutamide plus anastrozole for the treatment of gonadotropin-independent precocious puberty in boys with testotoxicosis: a phase II, open-label pilot study (BATT). *Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology & Metabolism: JPEM*, *23*(10), 999–1009. \[DOI:[10.1515/jpem.2010.161][R10]]
|
||||
- Schellhammer, P. F., Sharifi, R., Block, N. L., Soloway, M. S., Venner, P. M., Patterson, A. L., Sarosdy, M. F., Vogelzang, N. J., Schellenger, J. J., Kolvenbag, G. J., & Casodex Combination Study Group (1997). Clinical benefits of bicalutamide compared with flutamide in combined androgen blockade for patients with advanced prostatic carcinoma: final report of a double-blind, randomized, multicenter trial. *Urology*, *50*(3), 330–336. \[DOI:[10.1016/s0090-4295(97)00279-3][S97]]
|
||||
- See, W. A., Wirth, M. P., McLeod, D. G., Iversen, P., Klimberg, I., Gleason, D., Chodak, G., Montie, J., Tyrrell, C., Wallace, D. M., Delaere, K. P., Vaage, S., Tammela, T. L., Lukkarinen, O., Persson, B. E., Carroll, K., Kolvenbag, G. J., & Casodex Early Prostate Cancer Trialist Group (2002). Bicalutamide as immediate therapy either alone or as adjuvant to standard care of patients with localized or locally advanced prostate cancer: first analysis of the early prostate cancer program. *The Journal of Urology*, *168*(2), 429–435. \[DOI:[10.1016/S0022-5347(05)64652-6][S02]]
|
||||
- Stenger, P. J., Wagner, L., Egelhoff, J., & Rose, S. R. (2009). Bicalutamide and letrozole treatment of precocious puberty due to elevated levels of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). *Hormone Research* \[*in Paediatrics*], *72*(Suppl 3), 391–391 (PO3-149). \[[Google 学术][S09-GS]] \[DOI:[10.1159/000239668][S09]]
|
||||
- Tessaris, D., Matarazzo, P., Mussa, A., Tuli, G., Verna, F., Fiore, L., & Lala, R. (2012). Combined treatment with bicalutamide and anastrozole in a young boy with peripheral precocious puberty due to McCune-Albright Syndrome. *Endocrine Journal*, *59*(2), 111–117. \[DOI:[10.1507/endocrj.ej11-0214][T12]]
|
||||
- Thole, Z., Manso, G., Salgueiro, E., Revuelta, P., & Hidalgo, A. (2004). Hepatotoxicity induced by antiandrogens: a review of the literature. *Urologia Internationalis*, *73*(4), 289–295. \[DOI:[10.1159/000081585][T04]]
|
||||
- Thompson, J., Hopwood, R. A., deNormand, S., & Cavanaugh, T. (2021). *Medical Care of Trans and Gender Diverse Adults.* Boston: Fenway Health. \[[URL][T21]] \[[PDF][T21-PDF]]
|
||||
- Tomson, A., McLachlan, C., Wattrus, C., Adams, K., Addinall, R., Bothma, R., Jankelowitz, L., Kotze, E., Luvuno, Z., Madlala, N., Matyila, S., Padavatan, A., Pillay, M., Rakumakoe, M. D., Tomson-Myburgh, M., Venter, W., & de Vries, E. (2021). Southern African HIV Clinicians’ Society gender-affirming healthcare guideline for South Africa. *Southern African Journal of HIV Medicine*, *22*(1), a1299. \[DOI:[10.4102/sajhivmed.v22i1.1299][SAHIV21]] \[[PDF][SAHIV21-PDF]]
|
||||
- van Kemenade, J. F., Cohen-Kettenis, P. T., Cohen, L., & Gooren, L. J. (1989). Effects of the pure antiandrogen RU 23.903 (anandron) on sexuality, aggression, and mood in male-to-female transsexuals. *Archives of Sexual Behavior*, *18*(3), 217–228. \[DOI:[10.1007/BF01543196][VK89]]
|
||||
|
||||
[alyw19_lit]: https://transfemscience.org/articles/bica-literature/
|
||||
[g11]: http://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMcp1008161
|
||||
[h09]: https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2009-0345
|
||||
[h17]: https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2017-01658
|
||||
[v87a]: https://kinseyinstitute.org/pdf/HBIGDA_S10_1987OCR.pdf#page=55
|
||||
[v87b]: https://doi.org/10.1002/pros.2990110403
|
||||
[g87]: https://doi.org/10.1210/jcem-64-4-763
|
||||
[j87]: https://kinseyinstitute.org/pdf/HBIGDA_S10_1987OCR.pdf#page=35
|
||||
[r88]: https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-4731(88)90024-6
|
||||
[agp89]: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2230.1989.tb02585.x
|
||||
[k89]: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01543196
|
||||
[ag92]: https://doi.org/10.1300/J056v05n04_03
|
||||
[g99]: http://web.archive.org/web/20070430161048/http://www.symposion.com/ijt/ijt990301.htm
|
||||
[it97]: https://books.google.com/books?id=IlPX6E5glDEC&pg=PA66
|
||||
[lcr03]: https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2265.2003.01821.x
|
||||
[d06a]: https://doi.org/10.1300/J485v09n03_06
|
||||
[d06b]: https://www.cpath.ca/wp-content/uploads/2009/12/guidelines-endocrine.pdf
|
||||
[mp12]: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.endoen.2012.07.004
|
||||
[mbg99]: https://doi.org/10.1093/humrep/14.Suppl_3.366-a
|
||||
[m02]: https://doi.org/10.1080/gye.16.1.63.66
|
||||
[b04]: https://doi.org/10.1159/000081973
|
||||
[mo09]: https://www.turkiyeklinikleri.com/article/en-hirsutizm-tedavisinde-flutamid-ve-bikalutamid-kullanimi-55753.html
|
||||
[mo09_pdf]: https://files.transfemscience.org/pdfs/M%C3%BCderris%20&%20%C3%96ner%20(2009)%20-%20Hirsutizm%20Tedavisinde%20Flutamid%20ve%20Bikalutamid%20Kullan%C4%B1m%C4%B1%20%5BFlutamide%20and%20Bicalutamide%20Treatment%20in%20Hirsutism%5D.pdf
|
||||
[mo09_eng]: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1jwdHS1kUQk4pm4J1xVTtUehiFnrkIkpTMO1D1yI7fpI/view
|
||||
[m16]: https://endo.confex.com/endo/2016endo/webprogram/Paper26631.html
|
||||
[m18]: https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2017-01186
|
||||
[k06]: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2006.04.027
|
||||
[l09]: https://doi.org/10.1159/000239668
|
||||
[ml09]: https://doi.org/10.1515/JPEM.2009.22.12.1163
|
||||
[s09]: https://doi.org/10.1159/000239668
|
||||
[l10]: https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2010-0596
|
||||
[r10]: https://doi.org/10.1515/jpem.2010.161
|
||||
[t12]: https://doi.org/10.1507/endocrj.ej11-0214
|
||||
[o15]: https://doi.org/10.4274/jcrpe.2067
|
||||
[k18]: https://doi.org/10.1007/s42000-018-0029-1
|
||||
[ad19]: https://doi.org/10.1515/jpem-2018-0419
|
||||
[ne19]: https://doi.org/10.4158/ACCR-2018-0246
|
||||
[f20]: https://doi.org/10.1097/DBP.0000000000000865
|
||||
[gdc21]: https://doi.org/10.4274/jcrpe.galenos.2020.2020.0067
|
||||
[az08]: https://web.archive.org/web/20190730023433/https://www.fda.gov/media/75809/download
|
||||
[fda17]: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2017/020498s028lbl.pdf
|
||||
[nfe17]: https://files.transfemscience.org/pdfs/Neyman,%20Fuqua,%20&%20Eugster%20(2017)%20-%20Bicalutamide%20as%20an%20Androgen%20Blocker%20with%20Secondary%20Effect%20of%20Promoting%20Feminization%20in%20Male%20to%20Female%20(MTF)%20Transgender%20Adolescents.pdf#page=4
|
||||
[nfe19]: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2018.10.296
|
||||
[he12]: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-1795-9_71
|
||||
--------
|
||||
|
||||
## 译文修订记录 {#revision}
|
||||
|
||||
```csv
|
||||
时间,备注
|
||||
2022 年 11 月 14 日,首次翻译。
|
||||
2023 年 3 月 28 日,第一次修订，增补“后记四”内容，更正若干不当叙述，补齐链接。
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
[G11]: http://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMcp1008161
|
||||
[H09]: https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2009-0345
|
||||
[H17]: https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2017-01658
|
||||
[V87a]: https://kinseyinstitute.org/pdf/HBIGDA_S10_1987OCR.pdf#page=55
|
||||
[V87b]: https://doi.org/10.1002/pros.2990110403
|
||||
[G87]: https://doi.org/10.1210/jcem-64-4-763
|
||||
[J87]: https://kinseyinstitute.org/pdf/HBIGDA_S10_1987OCR.pdf#page=35
|
||||
[R88]: https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-4731(88)90024-6
|
||||
[AGP89]: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2230.1989.tb02585.x
|
||||
[VK89]: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01543196
|
||||
[AG92]: https://doi.org/10.1300/J056v05n04_03
|
||||
[G99]: http://web.archive.org/web/20070430161048/http://www.symposion.com/ijt/ijt990301.htm
|
||||
[IT97]: https://books.google.com/books?id=IlPX6E5glDEC&pg=PA66
|
||||
[LCR03]: https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2265.2003.01821.x
|
||||
[D06a]: https://doi.org/10.1300/J485v09n03_06
|
||||
[D06b]: https://www.cpath.ca/wp-content/uploads/2009/12/guidelines-endocrine.pdf
|
||||
[MP12]: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.endoen.2012.07.004
|
||||
[MBG99]: https://doi.org/10.1093/humrep/14.Suppl_3.366-a
|
||||
[M02]: https://doi.org/10.1080/gye.16.1.63.66
|
||||
[B04]: https://doi.org/10.1159/000081973
|
||||
[MO09]: https://www.turkiyeklinikleri.com/article/en-hirsutizm-tedavisinde-flutamid-ve-bikalutamid-kullanimi-55753.html
|
||||
[M16]: https://endo.confex.com/endo/2016endo/webprogram/Paper26631.html
|
||||
[M18]: https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2017-01186
|
||||
[K06]: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2006.04.027
|
||||
[L09]: https://doi.org/10.1159/000239668
|
||||
[ML09]: https://doi.org/10.1515/JPEM.2009.22.12.1163
|
||||
[S09]: https://doi.org/10.1159/000239668
|
||||
[L10]: https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2010-0596
|
||||
[R10]: https://doi.org/10.1515/jpem.2010.161
|
||||
[T12]: https://doi.org/10.1507/endocrj.ej11-0214
|
||||
[O15]: https://doi.org/10.4274/jcrpe.2067
|
||||
[K18]: https://doi.org/10.1007/s42000-018-0029-1
|
||||
[AD19]: https://doi.org/10.1515/jpem-2018-0419
|
||||
[NE19]: https://doi.org/10.4158/ACCR-2018-0246
|
||||
[F20]: https://doi.org/10.1097/DBP.0000000000000865
|
||||
[GDC21]: https://doi.org/10.4274/jcrpe.galenos.2020.2020.0067
|
||||
[AZ08]: https://web.archive.org/web/20190730023433/https://www.fda.gov/media/75809/download
|
||||
[FDA17]: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2017/020498s028lbl.pdf
|
||||
[NFE17]: https://files.transfemscience.org/pdfs/Neyman,%20Fuqua,%20&%20Eugster%20(2017)%20-%20Bicalutamide%20as%20an%20Androgen%20Blocker%20with%20Secondary%20Effect%20of%20Promoting%20Feminization%20in%20Male%20to%20Female%20(MTF)%20Transgender%20Adolescents.pdf#page=4
|
||||
[NFE19]: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2018.10.296
|
||||
[HE12]: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-1795-9_71
|
||||
[faers]: https://www.fda.gov/drugs/questions-and-answers-fdas-adverse-event-reporting-system-faers/fda-adverse-event-reporting-system-faers-public-dashboard
|
||||
[gap02]: https://doi.org/10.1002/0470853093.ch17
|
||||
[d16]: https://transcare.ucsf.edu/guidelines
|
||||
[alyw19_dose]: https://transfemscience.org/articles/bica-dosage/
|
||||
[alyw20_meni]: https://transfemscience.org/articles/cpa-meningioma/
|
||||
[a03]: https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1464-410X.2003.04026.x
|
||||
[i04]: https://doi.org/10.1097/01.ju.0000139719.99825.54
|
||||
[b96]: https://doi.org/10.1159/000473847
|
||||
[kb96]: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0090-4295(96)80012-4
|
||||
[m97]: https://doi.org/10.1634/theoncologist.2-1-18
|
||||
[s02]: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-5347(05)64652-6
|
||||
[s97]: https://doi.org/10.1016/s0090-4295(97)00279-3
|
||||
[t04]: https://doi.org/10.1159/000081585
|
||||
[m06]: https://doi.org/10.1002/pds.1168
|
||||
[fn19]: https://doi.org/10.1111/dth.13096
|
||||
[i20]: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2020.03.034
|
||||
[fn20]: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2020.04.054
|
||||
[m21]: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2021.10.048
|
||||
[fpph19]: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-05683-4_8
|
||||
[m20]: https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-8587(20)30192-3
|
||||
[i19]: https://doi.org/10.1177%2F2042018819871166
|
||||
[r18]: http://doi.org/10.1097/GRF.0000000000000396
|
||||
[mm20]: http://www.med.umich.edu/1libr/ComprehensiveGenderServicesProgram/MMapproachFemGenderAffirmingHormones.pdf
|
||||
[hdp19]: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecl.2019.02.001
|
||||
[c20]: https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9061609
|
||||
[aw20-guide]: https://transfemscience.org/articles/transfem-hormone-guidelines/
|
||||
[t21]: https://www.lgbtqiahealtheducation.org/publication/medical-care-of-trans-and-gender-diverse-adults-2021/
|
||||
[t21_pdf]: https://www.lgbtqiahealtheducation.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/Medical-Care-of-Trans-and-Gender-Diverse-Adults-Spring-2021.pdf
|
||||
[alyw19_lit_t]: https://transfemscience.org/articles/bica-literature/#thompson-et-al--fenway-health-2021
|
||||
[sahiv21]: https://doi.org/10.4102/sajhivmed.v22i1.1299
|
||||
[sahiv21_pdf]: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8517808/pdf/HIVMED-22-1299.pdf
|
||||
[alyw19_lit_sahiv]: https://transfemscience.org/articles/bica-literature/#tomson-et-al-2021--southern-african-hiv-clinicians-society-sahcs
|
||||
[GAP02]: https://doi.org/10.1002/0470853093.ch17
|
||||
[D16]: https://transcare.ucsf.edu/guidelines
|
||||
[A19-BD]: https://transfemscience.org/articles/bica-dosage/
|
||||
[A20-CM]: https://transfemscience.org/articles/cpa-meningioma/
|
||||
[A03]: https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1464-410X.2003.04026.x
|
||||
[I04]: https://doi.org/10.1097/01.ju.0000139719.99825.54
|
||||
[B96]: https://doi.org/10.1159/000473847
|
||||
[KB96]: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0090-4295(96)80012-4
|
||||
[ML97]: https://doi.org/10.1634/theoncologist.2-1-18
|
||||
[S02]: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-5347(05)64652-6
|
||||
[S97]: https://doi.org/10.1016/s0090-4295(97)00279-3
|
||||
[T04]: https://doi.org/10.1159/000081585
|
||||
[M06]: https://doi.org/10.1002/pds.1168
|
||||
[FN19]: https://doi.org/10.1111/dth.13096
|
||||
[I20]: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2020.03.034
|
||||
[FN20]: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2020.04.054
|
||||
[M21]: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2021.10.048
|
||||
[FPPH19]: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-05683-4_8
|
||||
[M20]: https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-8587(20)30192-3
|
||||
[I19]: https://doi.org/10.1177%2F2042018819871166
|
||||
[R18]: http://doi.org/10.1097/GRF.0000000000000396
|
||||
[MM20]: http://www.med.umich.edu/1libr/ComprehensiveGenderServicesProgram/MMapproachFemGenderAffirmingHormones.pdf
|
||||
[HDP19]: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecl.2019.02.001
|
||||
[C20]: https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9061609
|
||||
[A20-THG]: https://transfemscience.org/articles/transfem-hormone-guidelines/
|
||||
[T21]: https://www.lgbtqiahealtheducation.org/publication/medical-care-of-trans-and-gender-diverse-adults-2021/
|
||||
[T21-PDF]: https://www.lgbtqiahealtheducation.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/Medical-Care-of-Trans-and-Gender-Diverse-Adults-Spring-2021.pdf
|
||||
[SAHIV21]: https://doi.org/10.4102/sajhivmed.v22i1.1299
|
||||
[SAHIV21-PDF]: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8517808/pdf/HIVMED-22-1299.pdf
|
||||
[WPATH]: https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E8%B7%A8%E6%80%A7%E5%88%AB%E4%BA%BA%E5%A3%AB%E5%81%A5%E5%BA%B7%E4%B8%93%E4%B8%9A%E5%8D%8F%E4%BC%9A
|
||||
[SOC8]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standards_of_Care_for_the_Health_of_Transgender_and_Gender_Diverse_People
|
||||
[C22]: https://doi.org/10.1080/26895269.2022.2100644
|
||||
[R23]: https://www.thefp.com/p/i-thought-i-was-saving-trans-kids
|
||||
[MG23]: https://ago.mo.gov/home/news/2023/02/09/missouri-attorney-general-andrew-bailey-confirms-launch-of-multi-agency-investigation-into-st.-louis-transgender-center-for-harming-hundreds-of-children
|
||||
[AG92-GS]: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cluster=3926911364428297742
|
||||
[AG92-GB]: https://books.google.com/books?id=fny-DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT38
|
||||
[AZ08-FDA]: https://www.fda.gov/media/75809/
|
||||
[AZ08-PDF]: https://www.fda.gov/media/75809/download
|
||||
[MG23-PDF]: https://ago.mo.gov/docs/default-source/press-releases/2-07-2023-reed-affidavit---signed.pdf
|
||||
[C22-WPATH]: https://www.wpath.org/publications/soc
|
||||
[C22-PDF]: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/26895269.2022.2100644
|
||||
[D06b-GS]: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cluster=10288793516023166968
|
||||
[D16-FHT]: https://transcare.ucsf.edu/guidelines/feminizing-hormone-therapy
|
||||
[D16-PDF]: https://transcare.ucsf.edu/sites/transcare.ucsf.edu/files/Transgender-PGACG-6-17-16.pdf#page=26
|
||||
[FDA17-FDA]: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cder/daf/index.cfm?event=overview.process&ApplNo=020498
|
||||
[G99-GS]: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cluster=1501455977722930279
|
||||
[G99-ALT]: http://www.tgmeds.org.uk/hormonal-sex-reassignment.html
|
||||
[H17-PDF]: https://academic.oup.com/jcem/article-pdf/102/11/3869/21533864/jc.2017-01658.pdf
|
||||
[IT97-GS]: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cluster=5451071852495304201
|
||||
[L09-GS]: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cluster=5540864211259664143
|
||||
[MM20-UMICH]: https://medicine.umich.edu/dept/obgyn/education/continuing-medical-education-cme/transgender-healthcare-curriculum
|
||||
[M16-DOI]: https://doi.org/10.1093/edrv/37.supp.1
|
||||
[MO09-ISSN]: https://portal.issn.org/resource/ISSN/1308-0954
|
||||
[MO09-PDF]: https://files.transfemscience.org/pdfs/M%C3%BCderris%20&%20%C3%96ner%20%282009%29%20-%20Hirsutizm%20Tedavisinde%20Flutamid%20ve%20Bikalutamid%20Kullan%C4%B1m%C4%B1%20[Flutamide%20and%20Bicalutamide%20Treatment%20in%20Hirsutism].pdf
|
||||
[MO09-ENG]: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1jwdHS1kUQk4pm4J1xVTtUehiFnrkIkpTMO1D1yI7fpI/view
|
||||
[NFE17-DOI]: https://doi.org/10.1159/000481424
|
||||
[R18-URL]: https://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/wk/cobg/2018/00000061/00000004/art00008
|
||||
[S09-GS]: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cluster=9944726539277415138
|
||||
|
||||
[table_2a]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Published_case_reports_of_bicalutamide-associated_liver_injury
|
||||
[table_2b]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Published_case_reports_of_bicalutamide-associated_lung_toxicity
|
||||
[table_2c]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Side_effects_of_combined_androgen_blockade_with_nonsteroidal_antiandrogens
|
||||
[wiki_nilu]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nilutamide#Transgender_hormone_therapy
|
||||
[wiki_use_bica_s]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_uses_of_bicalutamide#Medical_uses_of_bicalutamide#Skin_and_hair_conditions
|
||||
[wiki_use_bica_m]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_uses_of_bicalutamide#Male_early_puberty
|
||||
[wiki_pc_bica_d]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmacology_of_bicalutamide#Distribution
|
||||
[table1]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Published_case_reports_of_bicalutamide-associated_liver_injury
|
||||
[table2]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Published_case_reports_of_cyproterone_acetate-associated_meningioma
|
||||
[table3]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Published_case_reports_of_bicalutamide-associated_lung_toxicity
|
||||
[table4]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Side_effects_of_combined_androgen_blockade_with_nonsteroidal_antiandrogens
|
||||
|
||||
[wiki1]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicalutamide
|
||||
[wiki2]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonsteroidal_antiandrogen
|
||||
[wiki3]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Androgen_receptor
|
||||
[wiki4]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Receptor_antagonist
|
||||
[wiki5]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prostate_cancer
|
||||
[wiki6]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Androgen-dependent_condition
|
||||
[wiki7]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spironolactone
|
||||
[wiki8]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyproterone_acetate
|
||||
[wiki9]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiandrogen
|
||||
[wiki10]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potency_(pharmacology)
|
||||
[wiki11]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinical_effectiveness
|
||||
[wiki12]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binding_selectivity
|
||||
[wiki13]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tolerability
|
||||
[wiki14]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flutamide
|
||||
[wiki15]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nilutamide
|
||||
[wiki15-tht]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nilutamide#Transgender_hormone_therapy
|
||||
[wiki16]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmacokinetics
|
||||
[wiki17]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug_safety
|
||||
[wiki18]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abiraterone_acetate
|
||||
[wiki19]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzalutamide
|
||||
[wiki20-msc]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_of_care#Medical_standard_of_care
|
||||
[wiki21]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Gooren
|
||||
[wiki22]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endocrine_Society
|
||||
[wiki23]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_of_Expertise_on_Gender_Dysphoria
|
||||
[wiki24]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VU_University_Medical_Center
|
||||
[wiki25]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Off-target_activity
|
||||
[wiki26]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirsutism
|
||||
[wiki27]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polycystic_ovary_syndrome
|
||||
[wiki28-shc]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_uses_of_bicalutamide#Medical_uses_of_bicalutamide#Skin_and_hair_conditions
|
||||
[wiki28-mep]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_uses_of_bicalutamide#Male_early_puberty
|
||||
[wiki29]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anastrozole
|
||||
[wiki30]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromatase_inhibitor
|
||||
[wiki31]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Familial_male-limited_precocious_puberty
|
||||
[wiki32]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precocious_puberty
|
||||
[wiki33]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gonadotropin-releasing_hormone_modulator
|
||||
[wiki34-p2]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phases_of_clinical_research#Phase_II
|
||||
[wiki34-p3]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phases_of_clinical_research#Phase_III
|
||||
[wiki35]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Drug_Application
|
||||
[wiki36]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Off-label_use
|
||||
[wiki37]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration
|
||||
[wiki38]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puberty_blocker
|
||||
[wiki39]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gonadotropin-releasing_hormone_analogue
|
||||
[wiki40]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-medication
|
||||
[wiki41]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liver_failure
|
||||
[wiki42]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risk%E2%80%93benefit_ratio
|
||||
[wiki43]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California,_San_Francisco
|
||||
[wiki44]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepatotoxicity
|
||||
[wiki45]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstitial_lung_disease
|
||||
[wiki46]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liver_function_tests
|
||||
[wiki47]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elevated_transaminases
|
||||
[wiki48]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_test
|
||||
[wiki49]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Prostate_Cancer_(clinical_programme)
|
||||
[wiki50]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randomized_controlled_trial
|
||||
[wiki51-lt]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Side_effects_of_bicalutamide#Liver_toxicity
|
||||
[wiki52]: https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy_T'Sjoen
|
||||
[wiki53]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contraindication
|
||||
[wiki54]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenway_Health
|
||||
[wiki55]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5%CE%B1-Reductase_inhibitor
|
||||
[wiki56-d]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmacology_of_bicalutamide#Distribution
|
||||
[wiki57]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis_Children%27s_Hospital
|
||||
[wiki58]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Free_Press_(media_company)
|
||||
[wiki59]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Bailey_(politician)
|
||||
|
||||
[CL-AR]: https://callen-lorde.org/providers/asa-radix/
|
||||
[CL-ZG]: https://callen-lorde.org/providers/zil-goldstein/
|
||||
[QD]: https://queerdoc.com/how-do-you-know-which-t-blocker-to-take-what-is-going-on-with-bica/
|
||||
[WUTC]: https://physicians.wustl.edu/specialties/lgbtq-health/washington-university-transgender-center/
|
||||
[SAHIV]: https://sahivsoc.org/
|
||||
|
||||
[WUSTL-profile]: https://profiles.wustl.edu/en/persons/christopher-lewis
|
||||
[google-search]: https://www.google.com/search?q=%22jamie+reed%22+bicalutamide+transgender+OR+trans+OR+gender-affirming&tbs=cdr%3A1%2Ccd_min%3A2%2F9%2F2023%2Ccd_max%3A2%2F28%2F2023
|
||||
|
|
@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ tags:
|
|||
- 雌激素
|
||||
- 用药途径与剂量
|
||||
trackHash: fdd701930bcb4e0f6f2c2ca8df31b80ae016e9a0
|
||||
keywords: [Progynova, 补佳乐, 泰补, 戊酸雌二醇片, 雌二醇片, Estrofem, 诺坤复, 含服, 舌下含服, 用法]
|
||||
keywords: [补佳乐, 诺坤复, 雌二醇, 舌下含服, 用法用量]
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
## 译者按 {#notice}
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
Loading…
Reference in New Issue