@ -4,11 +4,9 @@ Transfeminine Science is [copyright](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copyright) of
and the other authors of Transfeminine Science.
[We reserve all rights](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_rights_reserved).
Please don't reproduce content from Transfeminine Science unless given direct permission from [Aly][aly].
(e.g., for [translation projects](https://transfemscience.org/misc/#transfeminine-science-translations)).
We ask that readers please don't reproduce content from Transfeminine Science unless given permission from [Aly][aly] (e.g., for [translation projects](https://transfemscience.org/misc/#transfeminine-science-translations)).
If permission to reproduce content is granted,
please appropriately attribute the content and link it back to the original page(s) on Transfeminine Science.
If permission to reproduce content is given, please appropriately attribute the content and link it back to the original page(s) on Transfeminine Science.
Aly （代词：她）来自美国加利福尼亚州，是一名跨性别女性。她对女性化激素疗法抱有浓厚兴趣。Aly 于 2010 年代初开始了性别转变过程，此后热衷于探究跨性别医学文献的工作。她以优异成绩毕业于[加州大学][wiki-uc]，取得学士学位。Aly 还完成了若干医学预科课程，并在加州大学的研究室担任一年的助教。
Aly （代词：她）来自美国加利福尼亚州，是一名跨性别女性。她对女性化激素疗法抱有浓厚兴趣。Aly 于 2010 年代初开始了性别转变过程，此后热衷于探究跨性别医学文献的工作。她以最优异成绩毕业于[加州大学][wiki-uc]，取得学士学位。Aly 还完成了若干医学预科课程，并在加州大学的研究室担任一年的助教。
Aly 已作为志愿者在英文维基百科社区活跃多年。她曾在数年间连续位列维基百科医学栏目最佳编辑者前十名之内。\
Aly 在性激素药理学方面耕耘多年，贡献颇多；从她的[编辑历史][aly-stat]<sup>([备用链接][aly-stat-alt])</sup>、[最佳条目][aly-top]、[新建文章][aly-create]与[已上传图片][aly-image]<sup>([备用链接][aly-image-alt])</sup>等记录中可见一斑。Aly 有时也在维基百科上简短引用本站内容，其中绝大部分来自她本人的文章。
Aly 已作为志愿者在维基百科社区活跃多年。她曾在数年间连续位列维基百科医学栏目最佳编辑者前十名之内。\
Aly 在性激素药理学方面耕耘多年，贡献颇多。Aly 有时也在维基百科上简短引用本站内容，其中绝大部分来自她本人的文章。
除较低孕激素效力以外，口服孕酮还会被过多地代谢成为[别孕烷醇酮][wiki161]、[孕烷醇酮][wiki162]等[神经甾体][wiki153]；这些代谢物作为强效的 [γ-氨基丁酸 A 型（GABA-A）受体异构激动剂][wiki163]，会产生类似于[酒精][wiki164]的不良副作用——包括镇静，认知、记忆与运动障碍，以及情绪变化等<sup>([维基][wiki160-ne]; [维基][wiki160-fpean])</sup>。
**AR 拮抗剂**可作用于阻断睾酮、双氢睾酮（DHT）等雄激素的[生物靶点][wiki332]，直接阻断其作用。它们与 AR 结合而不激活，从而阻止雄激素与受体结合。由于其作为雄激素的竞争性阻断剂的机制，其抗雄效力与剂量及睾酮水平高度相关。其并不通过降低睾酮水平来发挥作用——尽管其中某些会有额外的抗雄激素活性、从而使睾酮水平降低。因此，与可降低睾酮水平的抗雄制剂不同，当使用它们时，血检的参考价值可能不大。\
AR 拮抗剂种类包括[甾体类抗雄制剂][wiki169] (SAA)，如[螺内酯][wiki170] (Aldactone)和[醋酸环丙孕酮][wiki171]［CPA; 品牌 Androcur (俗称“色谱龙”——译者注)］；以及[非甾体类抗雄制剂][wiki172] (NSAA)，如[比卡鲁胺][wiki173]［品牌 Casodex（“康士得”）］。
对于许多女性倾向跨性别者，雌二醇合并螺内酯的处方并不足以抑制其睾酮，因为螺内酯对睾酮水平的影响有限且高度不稳定，其 AR 拮抗效力亦较弱。这样会导致她们的去男性化、女性化、乳房发育等效果不理想。这些效果如使用其它抗雄手段——诸如比卡鲁胺、CPA、GnRH 调节剂与高剂量雌二醇单药疗法等——则应该会更佳；这些手段要么可更高效地阻断雄激素，要么可将睾酮水平降低并稳定于女性范围。\
比卡鲁胺对 AR 的选择性很强，其在女性当中未发生任何[脱靶激素活性][wiki152]，也几乎不产生任何副作用<sup>([维基][wiki173-se]; [Erem, 2013][E13]; [Moretti et al., 2018][M18])</sup>；在一项严谨的有关比卡鲁胺用于顺性别妇女治疗多毛症的临床试验中，其仅引起一项明显副作用，即[总胆固醇][wiki345]、[LDL（“不良”）胆固醇][wiki344]水平显著升高<sup>([Moretti et al., 2018][M18])</sup>。因此，比卡鲁胺的耐受性应该是非常好的。其副作用相对较少，与螺内酯、CPA 等抗雄制剂形成鲜明对比——此二者会产生抗盐皮质激素活性、强孕激素活性等脱靶效应，以及一系列副作用与风险。
比卡鲁胺对雄激素受体的选择性很强，其在女性当中未发生任何[脱靶激素活性][wiki152]，也几乎不产生任何副作用<sup>([维基][wiki173-se]; [Erem, 2013][E13]; [Moretti et al., 2018][M18])</sup>；在一项严谨的有关比卡鲁胺用于顺性别妇女治疗多毛症的临床试验中，其仅引起一项明显副作用，即[总胆固醇][wiki345]、[LDL（“不良”）胆固醇][wiki344]水平显著升高<sup>([Moretti et al., 2018][M18])</sup>。因此，比卡鲁胺的耐受性应该是非常好的。其副作用相对较少，与螺内酯、CPA 等抗雄制剂形成鲜明对比——此二者会产生抗盐皮质激素活性、强孕激素活性等脱靶效应，以及一系列副作用与风险。
作为选择性 AR 拮抗剂，比卡鲁胺本身并不会使睾酮分泌量或水平降低，反而会使其升高；因为其会中断 AR 对促性腺激素分泌的负反馈调节，而（多出来的促性腺激素）会对性腺的睾酮分泌进行补偿性正调节<sup>([维基][wiki234-iohl])</sup>。而比卡鲁胺仍可阻断多出来的这部分睾酮的效力；事实上，其基本不会让睾酮增至超过其阻断能力的水平<sup>([维基][wiki173-pd]; [Aly, 2019][AW19-BD])</sup>。此外，如若将比卡鲁胺与一种适当剂量的抗促性腺激素制剂（如雌二醇）结合使用，则会让睾酮水平增幅减缓、以至无增幅<sup>([维基][wiki234-iohl]; [维基][wiki245-tht])</sup>。\
而前列腺癌的发生率会因女性倾向跨性别者的激素治疗引起雄激素缺少而显著下降，不过该风险未完全消除，仍有发生的可能<sup>([de Nie et al., 2020][NIE20])</sup>。[前列腺][wiki297]不会随[阴道再造术][wiki105]而摘除，因此即使在术后也需对前列腺癌进行监测。\
[睾丸癌][wiki298]已知不对激素敏感；在接受激素治疗的女性倾向跨性别者当中，其发生率并不会提高<sup>([Bensley et al., 2021][BENS21]; [de Nie et al., 2021][NIE21]; [Jacoby et al., 2021][J21])</sup>。
而前列腺癌的发生率会因女性倾向跨性别者的激素治疗引起雄激素缺少而显著下降，不过该风险未完全消除，仍有发生的可能<sup>([de Nie et al., 2020][DN20])</sup>。[前列腺][wiki297]不会随[阴道再造术][wiki105]而摘除，因此即使在术后也需对前列腺癌进行监测。\
[睾丸癌][wiki298]已知不对激素敏感；在接受激素治疗的女性倾向跨性别者当中，其发生率并不会提高<sup>([Bensley et al., 2021][BENS21]; [de Nie et al., 2021][DN21]; [Jacoby et al., 2021][J21])</sup>。
- Ahmad, S. R., & Graham, D. J. (2003). Pneumonitis with Antiandrogens. *Annals of Internal Medicine*, *139*(6), 528–529. \[DOI:[10.7326/0003-4819-139-6-200309160-00023][AG03]]
- Allen, A. N., Jiao, R., Day, P., Pagels, P., Gimpel, N., & SoRelle, J. A. (2020). Dynamic Impact of Hormone Therapy on Laboratory Values in Transgender Patients over Time. *The Journal of Applied Laboratory Medicine*, *6*(1), 27–40. \[DOI:[10.1093/jalm/jfaa192][A21]]
- Angus, L., Leemaqz, S., Ooi, O., Cundill, P., Silberstein, N., Locke, P., Zajac, J. D., & Cheung, A. S. (2019). Cyproterone acetate or spironolactone in lowering testosterone concentrations for transgender individuals receiving oestradiol therapy. *Endocrine Connections*, *8*(7), 935–940. \[DOI:[10.1530/ec-19-0272][A19]]
- Angus, L. M., Nolan, B. J., Zajac, J. D., & Cheung, A. S. (2020). A systematic review of antiandrogens and feminization in transgender women. *Clinical Endocrinology*, *94*(5), 743–752. \[DOI:[10.1111/cen.14329][ANGUS21]]
- Antoniou, T., Gomes, T., Mamdani, M. M., Yao, Z., Hellings, C., Garg, A. X., Weir, M. A., & Juurlink, D. N. (2011). Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole induced hyperkalaemia in elderly patients receiving spironolactone: nested case-control study. *BMJ*, *343*, d5228. \[DOI:[10.1136/bmj.d5228][A11]]
- Antoniou, T., Hollands, S., Macdonald, E. M., Gomes, T., Mamdani, M. M., & Juurlink, D. N. (2015). Trimethoprim–sulfamethoxazole and risk of sudden death among patients taking spironolactone. *Canadian Medical Association Journal*, *187*(4), E138–E143. \[DOI:[10.1503/cmaj.140816][A15]]
- Aufrère, M. B., & Benson, H. (1976). Progesterone: An overview and recent advances. *Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences*, *65*(6), 783–800. \[DOI:[10.1002/jps.2600650602][AB76]]
- Avery, G. (2019). Biotin interference in immunoassay: a review for the laboratory scientist. *Annals of Clinical Biochemistry: International Journal of Laboratory Medicine*, *56*(4), 424–430. \[DOI:[10.1177/0004563219842231][AVERY19]]
- Avram, M. M. (2004). Cellulite: a review of its physiology and treatment. *Journal of Cosmetic and Laser Therapy*, *6*(4), 181–185. \[DOI:[10.1080/14764170410003057][A04]]
- Babich, J. S., Kalantar-Zadeh, K., & Joshi, S. (2022). Taking the Kale out of Hyperkalemia: Plant Foods and Serum Potassium in Patients With Kidney Disease. *Journal of Renal Nutrition*, *32*(6), 641–649. \[DOI:[10.1053/j.jrn.2022.01.013][BKJ22]]
- Bäckström, T., Haage, D., Löfgren, M., Johansson, I., Strömberg, J., Nyberg, S., Andréen, L., Ossewaarde, L., van Wingen, G., Turkmen, S., & Bengtsson, S. (2011). Paradoxical effects of GABA-A modulators may explain sex steroid induced negative mood symptoms in some persons. *Neuroscience*, *191*, 46–54. \[DOI:[10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.03.061][B11]]
- Barrionuevo, P., Nabhan, M., Altayar, O., Wang, Z., Erwin, P. J., Asi, N., Martin, K. A., & Murad, M. H. (2018). Treatment Options for Hirsutism: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis. *The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism*, *103*(4), 1258–1264. \[DOI:[10.1210/jc.2017-02052][B18]]
- Bazarra-Castro, M. A. (2009). *Etiological aspects, therapy regimes, side effects and treatment satisfaction of transsexual patients.* (Doctoral dissertation, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich.) \[DOI:[10.5282/edoc.9984][BC09]] \[URN:[urn:nbn:de:bvb:19-99840][BC09-URN]] \[[PDF][BC09-PDF]]
- Belisle, S., & Love, E. J. (1986). Clinical efficacy and safety of cyproterone acetate in severe hirsutism: results of a multicentered Canadian study. *Fertility and Sterility*, *46*(6), 1015–1020. \[DOI:[10.1016/s0015-0282(16)49873-0][BL86]]
- Ben Salem, C., Badreddine, A., Fathallah, N., Slim, R., & Hmouda, H. (2014). Drug-Induced Hyperkalemia. *Drug Safety*, *37*(9), 677–692. \[DOI:[10.1007/s40264-014-0196-1][S14]]
- Bensley, J. G., Cheung, A. S., Grossmann, M., & Papa, N. (2022). Testicular Cancer in Trans People Using Feminising Hormone Therapy–A Brief Review. *Urology*, *160*, 1–4. \[DOI:[10.1016/j.urology.2021.11.014][BENS21]]
- Bessone, F., Lucena, M., Roma, M. G., Stephens, C., Medina-Cáliz, I., Frider, B., Tsariktsian, G., Hernández, N., Bruguera, M., Gualano, G., Fassio, E., Montero, J., Reggiardo, M. V., Ferretti, S., Colombato, L., Tanno, F., Ferrer, J., Zeno, L., Tanno, H., & Andrade, R. J. (2015). Cyproterone acetate induces a wide spectrum of acute liver damage including corticosteroid-responsive hepatitis: report of 22 cases. *Liver International*, *36*(2), 302–310. \[DOI:[10.1111/liv.12899][B16]]
- Bowen, R., Benavides, R., Colón-Franco, J. M., Katzman, B. M., Muthukumar, A., Sadrzadeh, H., Straseski, J., Klause, U., & Tran, N. (2019). Best practices in mitigating the risk of biotin interference with laboratory testing. *Clinical Biochemistry*, *74*, 1–11. \[DOI:[10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2019.08.012][B19]]
- Brown, J., Farquhar, C., Lee, O., Toomath, R., & Jepson, R. G. (2009). Spironolactone versus placebo or in combination with steroids for hirsutism and/or acne. *Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews*, *2009*(2), CD000194. \[DOI:[10.1002/14651858.cd000194.pub2][B09]]
- Burinkul, S., Panyakhamlerd, K., Suwan, A., Tuntiviriyapun, P., & Wainipitapong, S. (2021). Anti-Androgenic Effects Comparison Between Cyproterone Acetate and Spironolactone in Transgender Women: A Randomized Controlled Trial. *The Journal of Sexual Medicine*, *18*(7), 1299–1307. \[DOI:[10.1016/j.jsxm.2021.05.003][B21]]
- Callen-Lorde Community Health Center. (2018). *Protocols for the Provision of Hormone Therapy*. New York City: Callen-Lorde Community Health Center. \[[URL][CL18-URL]] \[[PDF][CL18]]
- Cappelletti, M., & Wallen, K. (2016). Increasing women’s sexual desire: The comparative effectiveness of estrogens and androgens. *Hormones and Behavior*, *78*, 178–193. \[DOI:[10.1016/j.yhbeh.2015.11.003][CW16]]
- Carmina, E., Stanczyk, F. Z., & Lobo, R. A. (2019). Evaluation of Hormonal Status. In Strauss, J. F., & Barbieri, R. L. (Eds.). *Yen and Jaffe’s Reproductive Endocrinology: Physiology, Pathophysiology, and Clinical Management, 8th Edition*(pp. 887–915.e4). Philadelphia: Elsevier. \[DOI:[10.1016/b978-0-323-47912-7.00034-2][CSL19]]
- Carr, B. R. (1993). The Ovary. In Carr, B. R., & Blackwell, R. E. (Eds.).*Textbook of Reproductive Medicine, 1st Edition* (pp. 183–207). Norwalk, Connecticut: Appleton & Lange. \[[Google 学术][C93]] \[[Google 阅读][C93-GB]] \[[OpenLibrary][C93-OL]] \[[WorldCat][C93-WC]] \[[Archive.org—2nd edition][C93-ARCHIVE]]
- Carvalho, R. d., Santos, L. D., Ramos, P. M., Machado, C. J., Acioly, P., Frattini, S. C., Barcaui, C. B., Donda, A. L., & Melo, D. F. (2022). Bicalutamide and the new perspectives for female pattern hair loss treatment: What dermatologists should know. *Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology*, *21*(10), 4171–4175. \[DOI:[10.1111/jocd.14773][MC22]]
- Clark, R. V., Hermann, D. J., Cunningham, G. R., Wilson, T. H., Morrill, B. B., & Hobbs, S. (2004). Marked Suppression of Dihydrotestosterone in Men with Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia by Dutasteride, a Dual 5α-Reductase Inhibitor. *The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism*, *89*(5), 2179–2184. \[DOI:[10.1210/jc.2003-030330][C04]]
- Coleman, E., Radix, A. E., Bouman, W. P., Brown, G. R., de Vries, A. L., Deutsch, M. B., Ettner, R., Fraser, L., Goodman, M., Green, J., Hancock, A. B., Johnson, T. W., Karasic, D. H., Knudson, G. A., Leibowitz, S. F., Meyer-Bahlburg, H. F., Monstrey, S. J., Motmans, J., Nahata, L., … & Arcelus, J. (2022). \[World Professional Association for Transgender Health (WPATH)] Standards of Care for the Health of Transgender and Gender Diverse People, Version 8. *International Journal of Transgender Health*, *23*(Suppl 1), S1–S259. \[DOI:[10.1080/26895269.2022.2100644][C22]] \[[URL][C22-WPATH]] \[[PDF][C22-PDF]]
- Collaborative Group on Hormonal Factors in Breast Cancer. (2019). Type and timing of menopausal hormone therapy and breast cancer risk: individual participant meta-analysis of the worldwide epidemiological evidence. *The Lancet*, *394*(10204), 1159–1168. \[DOI:[10.1016/s0140-6736(19)31709-x][CGHF19]]
- Collet, S., Gieles, N. C., Wiepjes, C. M., Heijboer, A. C., Reyns, T., Fiers, T., Lapauw, B., den Heijer, M., & T’Sjoen, G. (2022). Changes in Serum Testosterone and Adrenal Androgen Levels in Transgender Women With and Without Gonadectomy. *The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism*, *108*(2), 331–338. \[DOI:[10.1210/clinem/dgac576][COLL22]]
- Connors, J. M., & Middeldorp, S. (2019). Transgender patients and the role of the coagulation clinician. *Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis*, *17*(11), 1790–1797. \[DOI:[10.1111/jth.14626][CM19]]
- Cupisti, A., Kovesdy, C., D’Alessandro, C., & Kalantar-Zadeh, K. (2018). Dietary Approach to Recurrent or Chronic Hyperkalaemia in Patients with Decreased Kidney Function. *Nutrients*, *10*(3), 261–261. \[DOI:[10.3390/nu10030261][C18]]
- Cusan, L., Dupont, A., Gomez, J., Tremblay, R. R., & Labrie, F. (1994). Comparison of flutamide and spironolactone in the treatment of hirsutism: a randomized controlled trial. *Fertility and Sterility*, *61*(2), 281–287. \[DOI:[10.1016/s0015-0282(16)56518-2][C94]]
- de Blok, C. J., Wiepjes, C. M., Nota, N. M., van Engelen, K., Adank, M. A., Dreijerink, K. M., Barbé, E., Konings, I. R., & den Heijer, M. (2019). Breast cancer risk in transgender people receiving hormone treatment: nationwide cohort study in the Netherlands. *BMJ*, *365*, l1652. \[DOI:[10.1136/bmj.l1652][DB19]]
- de Nie, I., de Blok, C. J., van der Sluis, T. M., Barbé, E., Pigot, G. L., Wiepjes, C. M., Nota, N. M., van Mello, N. M., Valkenburg, N. E., Huirne, J., Gooren, L. J., van Moorselaar, R. J., Dreijerink, K. M., & den Heijer, M. (2020). Prostate Cancer Incidence under Androgen Deprivation: Nationwide Cohort Study in Trans Women Receiving Hormone Treatment. *The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism*, *105*(9), e3293–e3299. \[DOI:[10.1210/clinem/dgaa412][DN20]]
- Deng, T., Duan, X., He, Z., Zhao, Z., & Zeng, G. (2020). Association Between 5-Alpha Reductase Inhibitor Use and The Risk of Depression: A Meta-Analysis.*Urology Journal*,*18*(2), 144–150. \[DOI:[10.22037/uj.v16i7.5866][DENG20]]
- Deutsch, M. B. (2016). Overview of feminizing hormone therapy. In Deutsch, M. B. (Ed.). *Guidelines for the Primary and Gender-Affirming Care of Transgender and Gender Nonbinary People, 2nd Edition* (pp. 26–48). San Francisco: University of California, San Francisco/UCSF Transgender Care. \[[URL][D16]] \[[PDF][D16-PDF]]
- Dhurat, R., Sharma, A., Rudnicka, L., Kroumpouzos, G., Kassir, M., Galadari, H., Wollina, U., Lotti, T., Golubovic, M., Binic, I., Grabbe, S., & Goldust, M. (2020). 5‐Alpha reductase inhibitors in androgenetic alopecia: Shifting paradigms, current concepts, comparative efficacy, and safety. *Dermatologic Therapy*, *33*(3), e13379. \[DOI:[10.1111/dth.13379][D20]]
- Drake, L., Hordinsky, M., Fiedler, V., Swinehart, J., Unger, W. P., Cotterill, P. C., Thiboutot, D. M., Lowe, N., Jacobson, C., Whiting, D., Stieglitz, S., Kraus, S. J., Griffin, E. I., Weiss, D., Carrington, P., Gencheff, C., Cole, G. W., Pariser, D. M., Epstein, E. S., Tanaka, W., Dallob, A., Vandormael, K., Geissler, L., & Waldsteicher, J. (1999). The effects of finasteride on scalp skin and serum androgen levels in men with androgenetic alopecia. *Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology*, *41*(4), 550–554. \[DOI:[10.1016/s0190-9622(99)80051-6][D99]]
- Dyson, T. E., Cantrell, M. A., & Lund, B. C. (2020). Lack of Association between 5α-Reductase Inhibitors and Depression. *Journal of Urology*, *204*(4), 793–798. \[DOI:[10.1097/ju.0000000000001079][DCL20]]
- Erem, C. (2013). Update on idiopathic hirsutism: diagnosis and treatment. *Acta Clinica Belgica*, *68*(4), 268–274. \[DOI:[10.2143/acb.3267][E13]]
- Erenus, M., Gürbüz, O., Durmuşoğlu, F., Demirçay, Z., & Pekin, S. (1994). Comparison of the efficacy of spironolactone versus flutamide in the treatment of hirsutism. *Fertility and Sterility*, *61*(4), 613–616. \[DOI:[10.1016/s0015-0282(16)56634-5][E94]]
- Esoterix/LabCorp. (2020). *Endocrinology Expected Values and S.I. Unit Conversion Tables.* LabCorp/Endocrine Sciences. \[[PDF][LC20]]
- Even Zohar, N., Sofer, Y., Yaish, I., Serebro, M., Tordjman, K., & Greenman, Y. (2021). Low-Dose Cyproterone Acetate Treatment for Transgender Women. *The Journal of Sexual Medicine*, *18*(7), 1292–1298. \[DOI:[10.1016/j.jsxm.2021.04.008][EZ21]]
- Fertig, R., Shapiro, J., Bergfeld, W., & Tosti, A. (2016). Investigation of the Plausibility of 5-Alpha-Reductase Inhibitor Syndrome. *Skin Appendage Disorders*, *2*(3–4), 120–129. \[DOI:[10.1159/000450617][F16]]
- Food and Drug Administration. (2019). *UPDATE: The FDA Warns that Biotin May Interfere with Lab Tests: FDA Safety Communication.* Food and Drug Administration. \[[URL][FDA19]]
- Fournier, A., Berrino, F., & Clavel-Chapelon, F. (2007). Unequal risks for breast cancer associated with different hormone replacement therapies: results from the E3N cohort study. *Breast Cancer Research and Treatment*, *107*(1), 103–111. \[DOI:[10.1007/s10549-007-9523-x][FBC08]]
- Frye, S. (2006). Discovery and Clinical Development of Dutasteride, a Potent Dual 5α-Reductase Inhibitor. *Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry*, *6*(5), 405–421. \[DOI:[10.2174/156802606776743101][F06]]
- Gava, G., Mancini, I., Alvisi, S., Seracchioli, R., & Meriggiola, M. C. (2020). A comparison of 5-year administration of cyproterone acetate or leuprolide acetate in combination with estradiol in transwomen. *European Journal of Endocrinology*, *183*(6), 561–569. \[DOI:[10.1530/eje-20-0370][G20]]
- Getzenberg, R., & Itty, S. (2020). How do we define “castration” in men on androgen deprivation therapy? *Asian Journal of Andrology*, *22*(5), 441–446. \[DOI:[10.4103/aja.aja\_139\_19][IG20]]
- Giltay, E. J., Gooren, L. J., Toorians, A. W., Katan, M. B., & Zock, P. L. (2004). Docosahexaenoic acid concentrations are higher in women than in men because of estrogenic effects. *The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition*, *80*(5), 1167–1174. \[DOI:[10.1093/ajcn/80.5.1167][G04]]
- Glintborg, D., T’Sjoen, G., Ravn, P., & Andersen, M. S. (2021). MANAGEMENT OF ENDOCRINE DISEASE: Optimal feminizing hormone treatment in transgender people. *European Journal of Endocrinology*, *185*(2), R49–R63. \[DOI:[10.1530/eje-21-0059][G21]]
- Goletiani, N. V., Keith, D. R., & Gorsky, S. J. (2007). Progesterone: Review of safety for clinical studies. *Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology*, *15*(5), 427–444. \[DOI:[10.1037/1064-1297.15.5.427][GKG07]]
- Goodfellow, A., Alaghband-Zadeh, J., Carter, G., Cream, J., Holland, S., Scully, J., & Wise, P. (1984). Oral spironolactone improves acne vulgaris and reduces sebum excretion. *British Journal of Dermatology*, *111*(2), 209–214. \[DOI:[10.1111/j.1365-2133.1984.tb04045.x][G84]]
- Gooren, L. J., Harmsen-Louman, W., & Kessel, H. (1985). Follow-up of prolactin levels in long-term oestrogen-treated male-to-female transsexuals with regard to prolactinoma induction. *Clinical Endocrinology*, *22*(2), 201–207. \[DOI:[10.1111/j.1365-2265.1985.tb01081.x][GHK85]]
- Gooren, L. J. (2016). The Endocrinology of Sexual Behavior and Gender Identity. In Jameson, J. L., & De Groot, L. J. (Eds.). *Endocrinology: Adult and Pediatric, 7th Edition, Volume 2* (pp. 2163–2176.e4). Philadelphia: Saunders/Elsevier. \[[Google 阅读][G16-GB]] \[DOI:[10.1016/B978-0-323-18907-1.00124-4][G16]]
- Gormley, G. J., Stoner, E., Rittmaster, R. S., Gregg, H., Thompson, D. L., Lasseter, K. C., Vlasses, P. H., & Stein, E. A. (1990). Effects of Finasteride (MK-906), a 5\_α\_-Reductase Inhibitor, on Circulating Androgens in Male Volunteers. *The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism*, *70*(4), 1136–1141. \[DOI:[10.1210/jcem-70-4-1136][G90]]
- Gubelin Harcha, W., Barboza Martínez, J., Tsai, T., Katsuoka, K., Kawashima, M., Tsuboi, R., Barnes, A., Ferron-Brady, G., & Chetty, D. (2014). A randomized, active- and placebo-controlled study of the efficacy and safety of different doses of dutasteride versus placebo and finasteride in the treatment of male subjects with androgenetic alopecia. *Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology*, *70*(3), 489–498.e3. \[DOI:[10.1016/j.jaad.2013.10.049][H14]]
- Gupta, P., Suppakitjanusant, P., Stevenson, M., Goodman, M., & Tangpricha, V. (2022). Potassium Concentrations in Transgender Women Using Spironolactone: A Retrospective Chart Review. *Endocrine Practice*, *28*(11), 1113–1117. \[DOI:[10.1016/j.eprac.2022.08.007][G22]]
- Hammerstein, J. (1990). Antiandrogens: Clinical Aspects. In Orfanos, C. E., & Happle, R. (Eds.). *Hair and Hair Diseases* (pp. 827–886). Berlin/Heidelberg: Springer. \[DOI:[10.1007/978-3-642-74612-3\_35][H90]]
- Hayes, H., Russell, R., Haugen, A., Nagavally, S., & Sarvaideo, J. (2022). The Utility of Monitoring Potassium in Transgender, Gender Diverse, and Nonbinary Individuals on Spironolactone. *Journal of the Endocrine Society*, *6*(11), bvac133. \[DOI:[10.1210/jendso/bvac133][H22]]
- Heinemann, L. A., Will-Shahab, L., van Kesteren, P., Gooren, L. J., & (1997). Safety of Cyproterone Acetate: Report of Active Surveillance. *Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety*, *6*(3), 169–178. \[DOI:[10.1002/(sici)1099-1557(199705)6:3<169::aid-pds263>3.0.co;2-3][H97]]
- Hembree, W. C., Cohen-Kettenis, P. T., Gooren, L., Hannema, S. E., Meyer, W. J., Murad, M. H., Rosenthal, S. M., Safer, J. D., Tangpricha, V., & T’Sjoen, G. G. (2017). Endocrine Treatment of Gender-Dysphoric/Gender-Incongruent Persons: An Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline. *The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism*, *102*(11), 3869–3903. \[DOI:[10.1210/jc.2017-01658][H17]] \[[PDF][H17-PDF]]
- Hirshburg, J. M., Kelsey, P. A., Therrien, C. A., Gavino, A. C., & Reichenberg, J. S. (2016). Adverse Effects and Safety of 5-alpha Reductase Inhibitors (Finasteride, Dutasteride): A Systematic Review.*The Journal of Clinical and Aesthetic Dermatology*,*9*(7), 56–62. \[[PubMed][H16-PM]] \[[PubMed Central][H16]]
- Hopkins, U., & Arias, C. Y. (2013). Large-volume IM injections: a review of best practices.*Oncology Nurse Advisor*,*4*(1), 32–37. \[[Google 学术][HA13-GS]] \[[URL][HA13]] \[[PDF][HA13-PDF]]
- Horton, R. (1992). Dihydrotestosterone Is a Peripheral Paracrine Hormone. *Journal of Andrology*, *13*(1), 23–27. \[DOI:[10.1002/j.1939-4640.1992.tb01621.x][H92]]
- Huang, G., & Basaria, S. (2017). The Case for Androgens in Menopausal Women: When and How? In Pal, L., & Sayegh, R. A. (Eds.). *Essentials of Menopause Management: A Case-Based Approach* (pp. 173–196). Cham: Springer International Publishing. \[DOI:[10.1007/978-3-319-42451-4\_10][HB17]]
- Irwig, M. S. (2020). Is there a role for 5α‐reductase inhibitors in transgender individuals? *Andrology*, *9*(6), 1729–1731. \[DOI:[10.1111/andr.12881][I20]]
- Iversen, P., Johansson, J. E., Lodding, P., Lukkarinen, O., Lundmo, P., Klarskov, P., Tammela, T. L., Tasdemir, I., Morris, T., Carroll, K., & Scandinavian Prostatic Cancer Group. (2004). Bicalutamide (150 mg) versus placebo as immediate therapy alone or as adjuvant to therapy with curative intent for early nonmetastatic prostate cancer: 5.3-year median followup from the Scandinavian Prostate Cancer Group Study Number 6.*The Journal of Urology*,*172*(5 Part 1), 1871–1876. \[DOI:[10.1097/01.ju.0000139719.99825.54][I04]]
- Iversen, P., Johansson, J., Lodding, P., Kylmälä, T., Lundmo, P., Klarskov, P., Tammela, T. L., Tasdemir, I., Morris, T., Armstrong, J., & (2006). Bicalutamide 150 mg in addition to standard care for patients with early non-metastatic prostate cancer Updated results from the Scandinavian Prostate Cancer Period Group-6 Study after a median follow-up period of 7.1 years. *Scandinavian Journal of Urology and Nephrology*, *40*(6), 441–452. \[DOI:[10.1080/00365590601017329][I06]]
- Iwamoto, S. J., Defreyne, J., Rothman, M. S., Van Schuylenbergh, J., Van de Bruaene, L., Motmans, J., & T’Sjoen, G. (2019). Health considerations for transgender women and remaining unknowns: a narrative review. *Therapeutic Advances in Endocrinology and Metabolism*, *10*, 204201881987116. \[DOI:[10.1177/2042018819871166][I19]]
- Iwamoto, S. J., Grimstad, F., Irwig, M. S., & Rothman, M. S. (2021). Routine Screening for Transgender and Gender Diverse Adults Taking Gender-Affirming Hormone Therapy: a Narrative Review. *Journal of General Internal Medicine*, *36*(5), 1380–1389. \[DOI:[10.1007/s11606-021-06634-7][I21]]
- Jacoby, A., Rifkin, W., Zhao, L. C., & Bluebond-Langner, R. (2020). Incidence of Cancer and Premalignant Lesions in Surgical Specimens of Transgender Patients. *Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery*, *147*(1), 194–198. \[DOI:[10.1097/prs.0000000000007452][J21]]
- Jain, J., Kwan, D., & Forcier, M. (2019). Medroxyprogesterone Acetate in Gender-Affirming Therapy for Transwomen: Results From a Retrospective Study. *The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism*, *104*(11), 5148–5156. \[DOI:[10.1210/jc.2018-02253][JKF19]]
- James, J. F., Jamerson, T. A., & Aguh, C. (2022). Efficacy and safety profile of oral spironolactone use for androgenic alopecia: A systematic review. *Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology*, *86*(2), 425–429. \[DOI:[10.1016/j.jaad.2021.07.048][JJA22]]
- Jia, A. Y., & Spratt, D. E. (2022). Bicalutamide Monotherapy With Radiation Therapy for Localized Prostate Cancer: A Non-Evidence-Based Alternative. *International Journal of Radiation Oncology\*Biology\*Physics*, *113*(2), 316–319. \[DOI:[10.1016/j.ijrobp.2022.01.037][JS22]]
- Jiang, Y., & Tian, W. (2017). The effects of progesterones on blood lipids in hormone replacement therapy. *Lipids in Health and Disease*, *16*(1), 219. \[DOI:[10.1186/s12944-017-0612-5][JT17]]
- Kanhai, R. C., Hage, J. J., van Diest, P. J., Bloemena, E., & Mulder, J. W. (2000). Short-Term and Long-Term Histologic Effects of Castration and Estrogen Treatment on Breast Tissue of 14 Male-to-Female Transsexuals in Comparison With Two Chemically Castrated Men. *The American Journal of Surgical Pathology*, *24*(1), 74–80. \[DOI:[10.1097/00000478-200001000-00009][K00]]
- Kellner, M., & Wiedemann, K. (2008). Mineralocorticoid receptors in brain, in health and disease: Possibilities for new pharmacotherapy. *European Journal of Pharmacology*, *583*(2–3), 372–378. \[DOI:[10.1016/j.ejphar.2007.07.072][KW08]]
- Kim, G. K., & Del Rosso, J. Q. (2012). Oral Spironolactone in Post-teenage Female Patients with Acne Vulgaris: Practical Considerations for the Clinician Based on Current Data and Clinical Experience.*The Journal of Clinical and Aesthetic Dermatology*,*5*(3), 37–50. \[[PubMed][KDR12-PM]] \[[PubMed Central][KDR12]]
- King, S. R. (2012). Neurosteroids and the Nervous System. In King, S. R. *Neurosteroids and the Nervous System* (pp. 1–122). New York: Springer New York. \[DOI:[10.1007/978-1-4614-5559-2\_1][K13]]
- Kolvenbag, G. J., & Blackledge, G. R. (1996). Worldwide activity and safety of bicalutamide: a summary review. *Urology*, *47*(1), 70–79. \[DOI:[10.1016/s0090-4295(96)80012-4][KB96]]
- Kuhl, H. (2003). Östrogene für den Mann? \[Estrogen for men?]*Blickpunkt der Mann*,*1*(3), 6–12. \[[Google 学术][K03-GS]] \[[URL][K03]] \[[PDF][K03-PDF]]
- Kuhl, H. (2005). Pharmacology of estrogens and progestogens: influence of different routes of administration. *Climacteric*, *8*(Suppl 1), 3–63. \[DOI:[10.1080/13697130500148875][K05]] \[[PDF][K05-PDF]]
- Kuhl, H., & Wiegratz, I. (2017). Das Post-Finasterid-Syndrom. \[Post Finasteride Syndrome.] *Gynäkologische Endokrinologie*, *15*(2), 153–163. \[DOI:[10.1007/s10304-017-0126-2][KW17]]
- Kuijpers, S. M., Wiepjes, C. M., Conemans, E. B., Fisher, A. D., T’Sjoen, G., & den Heijer, M. (2021). Toward a Lowest Effective Dose of Cyproterone Acetate in Trans Women: Results From the ENIGI Study. *The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism*, *106*(10), e3936–e3945. \[DOI:[10.1210/clinem/dgab427][K21]]
- Kumar, P., Reddy, S., Kulkarni, A., Sharma, M., & Rao, P. N. (2021). Cyproterone Acetate–Induced Acute Liver Failure: A Case Report and Review of the Literature. *Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hepatology*, *11*(6), 739–741. \[DOI:[10.1016/j.jceh.2021.01.003][KUMA21]]
- Lauritzen, C. (1988). Natürliche und synthetische Sexualhormone – Biologische Grundlagen und Behandlungsprinzipien. \[Natural and Synthetic Sexual Hormones – Biological Basis and Medical Treatment Principles.] In Lauritzen, C., Schneider, H. P. G., & Nieschlag, E. (Eds.). *Grundlagen und Klinik der Menschlichen Fortpflanzung* \[*Foundations and Clinic of Human Reproduction*] (pp. 229–306). Berlin: de Gruyter. \[[Google 学术][L88-GS]] \[[Google 阅读][L88-GB]] \[[OpenLibrary][L88-OL]] \[[WorldCat][L88-WC]] \[[URL][L88-URL]] \[[PDF][L88]] \[[英译文][L88-ENG]]
- Lax, E. (1987). Mechanisms of physiological and pharmacological sex hormone action on the mammalian liver. *Journal of Steroid Biochemistry*, *27*(4–6), 1119–1128. \[DOI:[10.1016/0022-4731(87)90198-1][L87]]
- Layton, A. M., Eady, E. A., Whitehouse, H., Del Rosso, J. Q., Fedorowicz, Z., & van Zuuren, E. J. (2017). Oral Spironolactone for Acne Vulgaris in Adult Females: A Hybrid Systematic Review. *American Journal of Clinical Dermatology*, *18*(2), 169–191. \[DOI:[10.1007/s40257-016-0245-x][L17]]
- Legro, R. S., Schlaff, W. D., Diamond, M. P., Coutifaris, C., Casson, P. R., Brzyski, R. G., Christman, G. M., Trussell, J. C., Krawetz, S. A., Snyder, P. J., Ohl, D., Carson, S. A., Steinkampf, M. P., Carr, B. R., McGovern, P. G., Cataldo, N. A., Gosman, G. G., Nestler, J. E., Myers, E. R., Santoro, N., Eisenberg, E., Zhang, M., & Zhang, H. (2010). Total Testosterone Assays in Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: Precision and Correlation with Hirsutism. *The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism*, *95*(12), 5305–5313. \[DOI:[10.1210/jc.2010-1123][L10]]
- Leinung, M. C. (2014). Variable Response to Oral Estradiol Therapy in Male to Female Transgender Patients. *Endocrine Reviews*, *35*(Suppl 1) \[*Endocrine Society’s 96th Annual Meeting and Expo, June 21–24, 2014 – Chicago*], ?–? (abstract no. OR42-1). \[[Google 学术][L14-GS]] \[DOI:[10.1093/edrv/35.supp.1][L14-DOI]] \[DOI:[10.1210/endo-meetings.2014.RE.2.OR42-1][L14]] \[[URL][L14-URL]] \[[MedPage Today][L14-MPT]]
- Leinung, M. C., Feustel, P. J., & Joseph, J. (2018). Hormonal Treatment of Transgender Women with Oral Estradiol. *Transgender Health*, *3*(1), 74–81. \[DOI:[10.1089/trgh.2017.0035][LFJ18]]
- Liang, J. J., Jolly, D., Chan, K. J., & Safer, J. D. (2018). Testosterone Levels Achieved by Medically Treated Transgender Women in a United States Endocrinology Clinic Cohort. *Endocrine Practice*, *24*(2), 135–142. \[DOI:[10.4158/ep-2017-0116][L18]]
- Lobo, R. A., Shoupe, D., Serafini, P., Brinton, D., & Horton, R. (1985). The effects of two doses of spironolactone on serum androgens and anagen hair in hirsute women. *Fertility and Sterility*, *43*(2), 200–205. \[DOI:[10.1016/s0015-0282(16)48373-1][L85]]
- Loh, H. H., Yee, A., Loh, H. S., Kanagasundram, S., Francis, B., & Lim, L. (2020). Sexual dysfunction in polycystic ovary syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. *Hormones*, *19*(3), 413–423. \[DOI:[10.1007/s42000-020-00210-0][L20]]
- Luong, J. H., Male, K. B., & Glennon, J. D. (2019). Biotin interference in immunoassays based on biotin-strept(avidin) chemistry: An emerging threat. *Biotechnology Advances*, *37*(5), 634–641. \[DOI:[10.1016/j.biotechadv.2019.03.007][LMG19]]
- MacLean, D. B., Shi, H., Faessel, H. M., & Saad, F. (2015). Medical Castration Using the Investigational Oral GnRH Antagonist TAK-385 (Relugolix): Phase 1 Study in Healthy Males. *The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism*, *100*(12), 4579–4587. \[DOI:[10.1210/jc.2015-2770][ML15]]
- Mahler, C. (1996). A Review of the Clinical Studies with Nilutamide. In Denis, L. (Ed.). *Antiandrogens in Prostate Cancer: A Key to Tailored Endocrine Treatment* (*ESO Monographs*) (pp. 105–111). Berlin/Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg. \[DOI:[10.1007/978-3-642-45745-6\_10][M96]]
- Maksym, R. B., Kajdy, A., & Rabijewski, M. (2019). Post-finasteride syndrome – does it really exist? *The Aging Male*, *22*(4), 250–259. \[DOI:[10.1080/13685538.2018.1548589][M19]]
- Marks, D. H., Prasad, S., De Souza, B., Burns, L. J., & Senna, M. M. (2019). Topical Antiandrogen Therapies for Androgenetic Alopecia and Acne Vulgaris. *American Journal of Clinical Dermatology*, *21*(2), 245–254. \[DOI:[10.1007/s40257-019-00493-z][MARKS20]]
- Martinez-Martin, F. J., Kuzior, A., Hernandez-Lazaro, A., de Leon-Durango, R. J., Rios-Gomez, C., Santana-Ojeda, B., Perez-Rivero, J. M., Fernandez-Trujillo-Comenge, P. M., Gonzalez-Diaz, P., Arnas-Leon, C., Acosta-Calero, C., Perdomo-Herrera, E., Tocino-Hernandez, A. L., del Sol Sanchez-Bacaicoa, M., & del Pino Perez-Garcia, M. (2022). Incidence of hypertension in young transgender people after a 5-year follow-up: association with gender-affirming hormonal therapy. *Hypertension Research*, *46*(1), 219–225. \[DOI:[10.1038/s41440-022-01067-z][MM22]]
- McFarlane, T., Zajac, J. D., & Cheung, A. S. (2018). Gender-affirming hormone therapy and the risk of sex hormone-dependent tumours in transgender individuals—A systematic review. *Clinical Endocrinology*, *89*(6), 700–711. \[DOI:[10.1111/cen.13835][MZC18]]
- Meriggiola, M. C., Bremner, W. J., Costantino, A., Bertaccini, A., Morselli-Labate, A. M., Huebler, D., Kaufmann, G., Oettel, M., & Flamigni, C. (2002). Twenty-One Day Administration of Dienogest Reversibly Suppresses Gonadotropins and Testosterone in Normal Men. *The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism*, *87*(5), 2107–2113. \[DOI:[10.1210/jcem.87.5.8514][M02]]
- Meyer, G., Mayer, M., Mondorf, A., Flügel, A. K., Herrmann, E., & Bojunga, J. (2020). Safety and rapid efficacy of guideline-based gender-affirming hormone therapy: an analysis of 388 individuals diagnosed with gender dysphoria. *European Journal of Endocrinology*, *182*(2), 149–156. \[DOI:[10.1530/eje-19-0463][M20]]
- Miles, R. A., Paulson, R. J., Lobo, R. A., Press, M. F., Dahmoush, L., & Sauer, M. V. (1994). Pharmacokinetics and endometrial tissue levels of progesterone after administration by intramuscular and vaginal routes: a comparative study. *Fertility and Sterility*, *62*(3), 485–490. \[DOI:[10.1016/s0015-0282(16)56935-0][M94]]
- Millington, K., Liu, E., & Chan, Y. (2019). The Utility of Potassium Monitoring in Gender-Diverse Adolescents Taking Spironolactone. *Journal of the Endocrine Society*, *3*(5), 1031–1038. \[DOI:[10.1210/js.2019-00030][MLC19]]
- Millward, C. P., Keshwara, S. M., Islim, A. I., Jenkinson, M. D., Alalade, A. F., & Gilkes, C. E. (2022). Development and Growth of Intracranial Meningiomas in Transgender Women Taking Cyproterone Acetate as Gender-Affirming Progestogen Therapy: A Systematic Review. *Transgender Health*, *7*(6), 473–483. \[DOI:[10.1089/trgh.2021.0025][M21]]
- Moretti, C., Guccione, L., Di Giacinto, P., Simonelli, I., Exacoustos, C., Toscano, V., Motta, C., De Leo, V., Petraglia, F., & Lenzi, A. (2017). Combined Oral Contraception and Bicalutamide in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome and Severe Hirsutism: A Double-Blind Randomized Controlled Trial. *The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism*, *103*(3), 824–838. \[DOI:[10.1210/jc.2017-01186][M18]]
- Nakamoto, J. (2016). Endocrine Testing. In Jameson, J. L., & De Groot, L. J. (Eds.). *Endocrinology: Adult and Pediatric, 7th Edition* (pp. 2655–2688.e1). Philadelphia: Saunders/Elsevier. \[DOI:[10.1016/B978-0-323-18907-1.00154-2][N16]]
- Nakhjavani, M., Hamidi, S., Esteghamati, A., Abbasi, M., Nosratian-Jahromi, S., & Pasalar, P. (2009). Short term effects of spironolactone on blood lipid profile: a 3-month study on a cohort of young women with hirsutism. *British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology*, *68*(4), 634–637. \[DOI:[10.1111/j.1365-2125.2009.03483.x][N09]]
- Neyman, A., Fuqua, J. S., & Eugster, E. A. (2019). Bicalutamide as an Androgen Blocker With Secondary Effect of Promoting Feminization in Male-to-Female Transgender Adolescents. *Journal of Adolescent Health*, *64*(4), 544–546. \[DOI:[10.1016/j.jadohealth.2018.10.296][NFE19]]
- Nguyen, D., Marchese, M., Cone, E. B., Paciotti, M., Basaria, S., Bhojani, N., & Trinh, Q. (2021). Investigation of Suicidality and Psychological Adverse Events in Patients Treated With Finasteride. *JAMA Dermatology*, *157*(1), 35–42. \[DOI:[10.1001/jamadermatol.2020.3385][N20]]
- Nie, I., Wiepjes, C. M., Blok, C. J., Moorselaar, R. J., Pigot, G. L., Sluis, T. M., Barbé, E., Voorn, P., Mello, N. M., Huirne, J., & Heijer, M. (2021). Incidence of testicular cancer in trans women using gender‐affirming hormonal treatment: a nationwide cohort study. *BJU International*, *129*(4), 491–497. \[DOI:[10.1111/bju.15575][DN21]]
- Nieschlag, E., Zitzmann, M., & Kamischke, A. (2003). Use of progestins in male contraception. *Steroids*, *68*(10–13), 965–972. \[DOI:[10.1016/s0039-128x(03)00135-1][NZK03]]
- Nieschlag, E. (2010). Clinical trials in male hormonal contraception. *Contraception*, *82*(5), 457–470. \[DOI:[10.1016/j.contraception.2010.03.020][N10]]
- Nieschlag, E., & Behre, H. M. (2012). The essential role of testosterone in hormonal male contraception. In Nieschlag, E., Behre, H. M., & Nieschlag, S. (Eds.). *Testosterone: Action · Deficiency · Substitution, 4th Edition* (pp. 470–493). Cambridge/New York: Cambridge University Press. \[DOI:[10.1017/cbo9781139003353.023][NB12]]
- Nishiyama, T. (2014). Serum testosterone levels after medical or surgical androgen deprivation: A comprehensive review of the literature. *Urologic Oncology: Seminars and Original Investigations*, *32*(1), 38.e17–38.e28. \[DOI:[10.1016/j.urolonc.2013.03.007][N14]]
- Nolan, B. J., & Cheung, A. S. (2021). Relationship Between Serum Estradiol Concentrations and Clinical Outcomes in Transgender Individuals Undergoing Feminizing Hormone Therapy: A Narrative Review. *Transgender Health*, *6*(3), 125–131. \[DOI:[10.1089/trgh.2020.0077][NC21]]
- Nolan, B. J., Frydman, A. S., Leemaqz, S. Y., Carroll, M., Grossmann, M., Zajac, J. D., & Cheung, A. S. (2022). Effects of low-dose oral micronised progesterone on sleep, psychological distress, and breast development in transgender individuals undergoing feminising hormone therapy: a prospective controlled study. *Endocrine Connections*, *11*(5), e220170. \[DOI:[10.1530/EC-22-0170][N22]]
- Norman, A. W., & Henry, H. L. (2015). Androgens. In Norman, A. W., & Henry, H. L. *Hormones, 3rd Edition* (pp. 255–273). London: Academic Press/Elsevier. \[DOI:[10.1016/b978-0-08-091906-5.00012-4][NH15a]]
- Norman, A. W., & Henry, H. L. (2015). Estrogens and Progestins. In Norman, A. W., & Henry, H. L. *Hormones, 3rd Edition* (pp. 275–296). London: Academic Press/Elsevier. \[DOI:[10.1016/b978-0-08-091906-5.00013-6][NH15b]]
- Nota, N. M., Wiepjes, C. M., de Blok, C. J., Gooren, L. J., Peerdeman, S. M., Kreukels, B. P., & den Heijer, M. (2018). The occurrence of benign brain tumours in transgender individuals during cross-sex hormone treatment. *Brain*, *141*(7), 2047–2054. \[DOI:[10.1093/brain/awy108][N18]]
- North American Menopause Society. (2022). The 2022 hormone therapy position statement of The North American Menopause Society. *Menopause*, *29*(7), 767–794. \[DOI:[10.1097/gme.0000000000002028][NAMS22]]
- O’Connell, M. B. (1995). Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacologic Variation Between Different Estrogen Products. *The Journal of Clinical Pharmacology*, *35*(9S), 18S–24S. \[DOI:[10.1002/j.1552-4604.1995.tb04143.x][OC95]]
- Olsen, E. A., Hordinsky, M., Whiting, D., Stough, D., Hobbs, S., Ellis, M. L., Wilson, T., & Rittmaster, R. S. (2006). The importance of dual 5α-reductase inhibition inthetreatment of male pattern hair loss: Resultsofarandomized placebo-controlled studyofdutasteride versus finasteride. *Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology*, *55*(6), 1014–1023. \[DOI:[10.1016/j.jaad.2006.05.007][O06]]
- Plovanich, M., Weng, Q. Y., & Mostaghimi, A. (2015). Low Usefulness of Potassium Monitoring Among Healthy Young Women Taking Spironolactone for Acne. *JAMA Dermatology*, *151*(9), 941–944. \[DOI:[10.1001/jamadermatol.2015.34][PWM15]]
- Polyzos, S. A., Kountouras, J., Zavos, C., & Deretzi, G. (2011). Spironolactone Revisited. *The Journal of Clinical Hypertension*, *13*(10), 783–784. \[DOI:[10.1111/j.1751-7176.2011.00484.x][P11]]
- Powers, M. S., Schenkel, L., Darley, P. E., Good, W. R., Balestra, J. C., & Place, V. A. (1985). Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of transdermal dosage forms of 17β-estradiol: Comparison with conventional oral estrogens used for hormone replacement. *American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology*, *152*(8), 1099–1106. \[DOI:[10.1016/0002-9378(85)90569-1][P85]]
- Prince, J. C., & Safer, J. D. (2020). Endocrine treatment of transgender individuals: current guidelines and strategies. *Expert Review of Endocrinology & Metabolism*, *15*(6), 395–403. \[DOI:[10.1080/17446651.2020.1825075][PS20]]
- Reiter, E. O., Mauras, N., McCormick, K., Kulshreshtha, B., Amrhein, J., De Luca, F., O’Brien, S., Armstrong, J., & Melezinkova, H. (2010). Bicalutamide plus Anastrozole for the Treatment of Gonadotropin-Independent Precocious Puberty in Boys with Testotoxicosis: A Phase II, Open-Label Pilot Study (BATT). *Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism*, *23*(10), 999–1009. \[DOI:[10.1515/jpem.2010.161][R10]]
- Rezende, H. D., Dias, M. F. R. G., & Trüeb, R. M. (2018). A Comment on the Post-Finasteride Syndrome.*International Journal of Trichology*,*10*(6), 255–261. \[[PubMed][RDT18-PM]] \[[PubMed Central][RDT18]] \[DOI:[10.4103/ijt.ijt\_61\_18][RDT18-DOI]]
- Roberts, J. L., Fiedler, V., Imperato-McGinley, J., Whiting, D., Olsen, E., Shupack, J., Stough, D., DeVillez, R., Rietschel, R., Savin, R., Bergfeld, W., Swinehart, J., Funicella, T., Hordinsky, M., Lowe, N., Katz, I., Lucky, A., Drake, L., Price, V. H., Weiss, D., Whitmore, E., Millikan, L., Muller, S., Gencheff, C., Carrington, P., Binkowitz, B., Kotey, P., He, W., Bruno, K., Jacobsen, C., Terranella, L., Gormley, G. J., & Kaufman, K. D. (1999). Clinical dose ranging studies with finasteride, a type 2 5α-reductase inhibitor, in men with male pattern hair loss. *Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology*, *41*(4), 555–563. \[DOI:[10.1016/s0190-9622(99)80052-8][R99]]
- Roscioni, S. S., de Zeeuw, D., Bakker, S. J., & Lambers Heerspink, H. J. (2012). Management of hyperkalaemia consequent to mineralocorticoid-receptor antagonist therapy. *Nature Reviews Nephrology*, *8*(12), 691–699. \[DOI:[10.1038/nrneph.2012.217][R12]]
- Rosenfield, R. L., Cooke, D. W., & Radovick, S. (2008). Puberty and its disorders in the female. In Sperling, M. A. (Ed.).*Pediatric Endocrinology, 3rd Edition* (pp. 530–609). Philadelphia: Saunders. \[[Google 学术][R08]] \[[Google 阅读][R08-GB]] \[[OpenLibrary][R08-OL]] \[[WorldCat][R08-WC]]
- Rosenfield, R. L., Cooke, D. W., & Radovick, S. (2021). Puberty in the Female and Its Disorders. In Sperling, M. A., Majzoub, J. A., Menon, R. K., & Stratakis, C. A. (Eds.). *Sperling Pediatric Endocrinology, 5th Edition* (pp. 528–626). Philadelphia: Elsevier. \[DOI:[10.1016/B978-0-323-62520-3.00016-6][RCR21]]
- Samarasinghe, S., Meah, F., Singh, V., Basit, A., Emanuele, N., Emanuele, M. A., Mazhari, A., & Holmes, E. W. (2017). Biotin Interference with Routine Clinical Immunoassays: Understand the Causes and Mitigate the Risks. *Endocrine Practice*, *23*(8), 989–998. \[DOI:[10.4158/ep171761.ra][SAMA17]]
- Schiller, C. E., Schmidt, P. J., & Rubinow, D. R. (2014). Allopregnanolone as a mediator of affective switching in reproductive mood disorders. *Psychopharmacology*, *231*(17), 3557–3567. \[DOI:[10.1007/s00213-014-3599-x][SSR14]]
- Schlatterer, K., Yassouridis, A., Werder, K. V., Poland, D., Kemper, J., & Stalla, G. K. (1998). *Archives of Sexual Behavior*, *27*(5), 475–492. \[DOI:[10.1023/a:1018704630036][SCHL98]]
- Seaman, H. E., Langley, S. E., Farmer, R. D., & de Vries, C. S. (2007). Venous thromboembolism and cyproterone acetate in men with prostate cancer: a study using the General Practice Research Database. *BJU International*, *99*(6), 1398–1403. \[DOI:[10.1111/j.1464-410x.2007.06859.x][S07]]
- Shackleton, C. (2010). Clinical steroid mass spectrometry: A 45-year history culminating in HPLC–MS/MS becoming an essential tool for patient diagnosis. *The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology*, *121*(3–5), 481–490. \[DOI:[10.1016/j.jsbmb.2010.02.017][doi-5a17c44e]]
- Shaw, J. C. (1996). Antiandrogen and hormonal treatment of acne. *Dermatologic Clinics*, *14*(4), 803–811. \[DOI:[10.1016/s0733-8635(05)70405-8][SHAW96]]
- Sofer, Y., Yaish, I., Yaron, M., Bach, M. Y., Stern, N., & Greenman, Y. (2020). Differential Endocrine and Metabolic Effects of Testosterone Suppressive Agents in Transgender Women. *Endocrine Practice*, *26*(8), 883–890. \[DOI:[10.4158/ep-2020-0032][S20]] \[[PDF][S20-PDF]]
- SoRelle, J. A., Jiao, R., Gao, E., Veazey, J., Frame, I., Quinn, A. M., Day, P., Pagels, P., Gimpel, N., & Patel, K. (2019). Impact of Hormone Therapy on Laboratory Values in Transgender Patients. *Clinical Chemistry*, *65*(1), 170–179. \[DOI:[10.1373/clinchem.2018.292730][SR19]]
- St-Jules, D. E., Goldfarb, D. S., & Sevick, M. A. (2016). Nutrient Non-equivalence: Does Restricting High-Potassium Plant Foods Help to Prevent Hyperkalemia in Hemodialysis Patients? *Journal of Renal Nutrition*, *26*(5), 282–287. \[DOI:[10.1053/j.jrn.2016.02.005][SGS16]]
- St-Jules, D. E., & Fouque, D. (2020). Is it time to abandon the nutrient-based renal diet model? *Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation*, *36*(4), 574–577. \[DOI:[10.1093/ndt/gfaa257][SF21]]
- St-Jules, D. E., & Fouque, D. (2022). Etiology-based dietary approach for managing hyperkalemia in people with chronic kidney disease. *Nutrition Reviews*, *80*(11), 2198–2205. \[DOI:[10.1093/nutrit/nuac026][SF22]]
- Stanczyk, F. Z., & Clarke, N. J. (2010). Advantages and challenges of mass spectrometry assays for steroid hormones. *The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology*, *121*(3–5), 491–495. \[DOI:[10.1016/j.jsbmb.2010.05.001][SC10]]
- Stanczyk, F. Z., Hapgood, J. P., Winer, S., & Mishell, D. R. (2012). Progestogens Used in Postmenopausal Hormone Therapy: Differences in Their Pharmacological Properties, Intracellular Actions, and Clinical Effects. *Endocrine Reviews*, *34*(2), 171–208. \[DOI:[10.1210/er.2012-1008][S13]]
- Stanczyk, F. Z., Mathews, B. W., & Cortessis, V. K. (2017). Does the type of progestin influence the production of clotting factors? *Contraception*, *95*(2), 113–116. \[DOI:[10.1016/j.contraception.2016.07.007][SMC17]]
- Stege, R., Gunnarsson, P. O., Johansson, C., Olsson, P., Pousette, Å., & Carlström, K. (1996). Pharmacokinetics and testosterone suppression of a single dose of polyestradiol phosphate (Estradurin®) in prostatic cancer patients. *The Prostate*, *28*(5), 307–310. \[DOI:[10.1002/(sici)1097-0045(199605)28:5<307::aid-pros6>3.0.co;2-8][S96]]
- Steinberger, E., Ayala, C., Hsi, B., Smith, K. D., Rodriguez-Rigau, L. J., Weidman, E. R., & Reimondo, G. G. (1998). Utilization of Commercial Laboratory Results in Management of Hyperandrogenism in Women. *Endocrine Practice*, *4*(1), 1–10. \[DOI:[10.4158/ep.4.1.1][S98]]
- Sterling, J., & Garcia, M. M. (2020). Cancer screening in the transgender population: a review of current guidelines, best practices, and a proposed care model. *Translational Andrology and Urology*, *9*(6), 2771–2785. \[DOI:[10.21037/tau-20-954][SG20]]
- Strauss, J. F., & FitzGerald, G. A. (2019). Steroid Hormones and Other Lipid Molecules Involved in Human Reproduction. In Strauss, J. F., & Barbieri, R. L. (Eds.). *Yen and Jaffe’s Reproductive Endocrinology: Physiology, Pathophysiology, and Clinical Management, 8th Edition*(pp. 75–114.e7). Philadelphia: Elsevier. \[[Google 阅读][SF19-GB]] \[DOI:[10.1016/b978-0-323-47912-7.00004-4][SF19]]
- Stricker, R., Eberhart, R., Chevailler, M., Quinn, F. A., Bischof, P., & Stricker, R. (2006). Establishment of detailed reference values for luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, estradiol, and progesterone during different phases of the menstrual cycle on the Abbott ARCHITECT® analyzer. *Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (CCLM)*, *44*(7), 883–887. \[DOI:[10.1515/cclm.2006.160][S06]]
- Styne, D. M. (2016). Laboratory Values for Pediatric Endocrinology. In Styne, D. M. *Pediatric Endocrinology: A Clinical Handbook* (pp. 385–434). Cham: Springer International Publishing. \[DOI:[10.1007/978-3-319-18371-8\_16][S16]]
- Sudduth, S. L., & Koronkowski, M. J. (1993). Finasteride: The First 5α-Reductase Inhibitor. *Pharmacotherapy: The Journal of Human Pharmacology and Drug Therapy*, *13*(4), 309–329. \[DOI:[10.1002/j.1875-9114.1993.tb02739.x][SK93]]
- Sundström-Poromaa, I., Comasco, E., Sumner, R., & Luders, E. (2020). Progesterone – Friend or foe? *Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology*, *59*, 100856. \[DOI:[10.1016/j.yfrne.2020.100856][SP20]]
- Swerdloff, R. S., Dudley, R. E., Page, S. T., Wang, C., & Salameh, W. A. (2017). Dihydrotestosterone: Biochemistry, Physiology, and Clinical Implications of Elevated Blood Levels. *Endocrine Reviews*, *38*(3), 220–254. \[DOI:[10.1210/er.2016-1067][S17]]
- T’Sjoen, G. G., Beguin, Y., Feyen, E., Rubens, R., Kaufman, J., & Gooren, L. (2005). Influence of exogenous oestrogen or (anti-) androgen administration on soluble transferrin receptor in human plasma. *Journal of Endocrinology*, *186*(1), 61–67. \[DOI:[10.1677/joe.1.06112][TS05]]
- T’Sjoen, G., Arcelus, J., Gooren, L., Klink, D. T., & Tangpricha, V. (2018). Endocrinology of Transgender Medicine. *Endocrine Reviews*, *40*(1), 97–117. \[DOI:[10.1210/er.2018-00011][TS19]]
- Tack, L. J., Heyse, R., Craen, M., Dhondt, K., Bossche, H. V., Laridaen, J., & Cools, M. (2017). Consecutive Cyproterone Acetate and Estradiol Treatment in Late-Pubertal Transgender Female Adolescents. *The Journal of Sexual Medicine*, *14*(5), 747–757. \[DOI:[10.1016/j.jsxm.2017.03.251][T17]]
- Thompson, J., Hopwood, R. A., deNormand, S., & Cavanaugh, T. (2021). *Medical Care of Trans and Gender Diverse Adults.* Boston: Fenway Health. \[[URL][T21]] \[[PDF][T21-PDF]]
- Toorians, A. W., Thomassen, M. C., Zweegman, S., Magdeleyns, E. J., Tans, G., Gooren, L. J., & Rosing, J. (2003). Venous Thrombosis and Changes of Hemostatic Variables during Cross-Sex Hormone Treatment in Transsexual People. *The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism*, *88*(12), 5723–5729. \[DOI:[10.1210/jc.2003-030520][T03]]
- Traish, A. M., Krakowsky, Y., Doros, G., & Morgentaler, A. (2019). Do 5α-Reductase Inhibitors Raise Circulating Serum Testosterone Levels? A Comprehensive Review and Meta-Analysis to Explaining Paradoxical Results. *Sexual Medicine Reviews*, *7*(1), 95–114. \[DOI:[10.1016/j.sxmr.2018.06.002][T19]]
- Traish, A. M. (2020). Post-finasteride syndrome: a surmountable challenge for clinicians. *Fertility and Sterility*, *113*(1), 21–50. \[DOI:[10.1016/j.fertnstert.2019.11.030][T20]]
- Usach, I., Martinez, R., Festini, T., & Peris, J. (2019). Subcutaneous Injection of Drugs: Literature Review of Factors Influencing Pain Sensation at the Injection Site. *Advances in Therapy*, *36*(11), 2986–2996. \[DOI:[10.1007/s12325-019-01101-6][U19]]
- van Zuuren, E. J., Fedorowicz, Z., Carter, B., & Pandis, N. (2015). Interventions for hirsutism (excluding laser and photoepilation therapy alone). *Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews*, *2015*, CD010334. \[DOI:[10.1002/14651858.cd010334.pub2][VZ15]]
- Verdonk, S. J., Vesper, H. W., Martens, F., Sluss, P. M., Hillebrand, J. J., & Heijboer, A. C. (2019). Estradiol reference intervals in women during the menstrual cycle, postmenopausal women and men using an LC-MS/MS method. *Clinica Chimica Acta*, *495*, 198–204. \[DOI:[10.1016/j.cca.2019.04.062][V19]]
- Vermeulen, A., Giagulli, V., De Schepper, P., & Buntinx, A. (1991). Hormonal Effects of a 5α-Reductase Inhibitor (Finasteride) onHormonal Levels in Normal Men and in Patients withBenign Prostatic Hyperplasia. *European Urology*, *20*(1), 82–86. \[DOI:[10.1159/000471752][V91]]
- Vihtamäki, T., Luukkaala, T., & Tuimala, R. (2004). Skin contamination by oestradiol gel—a remarkable source of error in plasma oestradiol measurements during percutaneous hormone replacement therapy. *Maturitas*, *48*(4), 347–353. \[DOI:[10.1016/s0378-5122(03)00043-4][VLT04]]
- Wang, H., Liu, M., Fu, Q., & Deng, C. (2019). Pharmacokinetics of hard micronized progesterone capsules via vaginal or oral route compared with soft micronized capsules in healthy postmenopausal women: a randomized open-label clinical study. *Drug Design, Development and Therapy*, *13*, 2475–2482. \[DOI:[10.2147/dddt.s204624][W19]]
- Wang, Y., & Lipner, S. R. (2020). Retrospective analysis of adverse events with spironolactone in females reported to the United States Food and Drug Administration. *International Journal of Women’s Dermatology*, *6*(4), 272–276. \[DOI:[10.1016/j.ijwd.2020.05.002][WL20]]
- Weill, A., Nguyen, P., Labidi, M., Cadier, B., Passeri, T., Duranteau, L., Bernat, A., Yoldjian, I., Fontanel, S., Froelich, S., & Coste, J. (2021). Use of High Dose Cyproterone Acetate and Risk of Intracranial Meningioma in Women: Cohort Study. *BMJ*, *372*, n37. \[DOI:[10.1136/bmj.n37][W21]]
- Welk, B., McArthur, E., Ordon, M., Anderson, K. K., Hayward, J., & Dixon, S. (2017). Association of Suicidality and Depression With 5α-Reductase Inhibitors. *JAMA Internal Medicine*, *177*(5), 683–691. \[DOI:[10.1001/jamainternmed.2017.0089][W18]]
- Wellington, K., & Keam, S. J. (2006). Bicalutamide 150mg: A Review of its Use in the Treatment of Locally Advanced Prostate Cancer. *Drugs*, *66*(6), 837–850. \[DOI:[10.2165/00003495-200666060-00007][WK06]]
- Willemsen, W. N., Mastboom, J. L., Thomas, C. M., & Rolland, R. (1985). Absorption of 17β-estradiol in a neovagina constructed from the peritoneum. *European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology*, *19*(4), 247–253. \[DOI:[10.1016/0028-2243(85)90036-x][W85]]
- Wilson, L. M., Baker, K. E., Sharma, R., Dukhanin, V., McArthur, K., & Robinson, K. A. (2020). Effects of antiandrogens on prolactin levels among transgender women on estrogen therapy: A systematic review. *International Journal of Transgender Health*, *21*(4), 391–402. \[DOI:[10.1080/15532739.2020.1819505][W20]]
- Wu, B., Shen, P., Yin, X., Yu, L., Wu, F., Chen, C., Li, J., & Xu, T. (2022). Analysis of adverse event of interstitial lung disease in men with prostate cancer receiving hormone therapy using the Food and Drug Administration Adverse Event Reporting System. *British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology*, *89*(2), 440–448. \[DOI:[10.1111/bcp.15336][W22]]
- Wu, F. C., Balasubramanian, R., Mulders, T. M., & Coelingh-Bennink, H. J. (1999). Oral Progestogen Combined with Testosterone as a Potential Male Contraceptive: Additive Effects between Desogestrel and Testosterone Enanthate in Suppression of Spermatogenesis, Pituitary-Testicular Axis, and Lipid Metabolism. *The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism*, *84*(1), 112–122. \[DOI:[10.1210/jcem.84.1.5412][W99]]
- Zaenglein, A. L., Pathy, A. L., Schlosser, B. J., Alikhan, A., Baldwin, H. E., Berson, D. S., Bowe, W. P., Graber, E. M., Harper, J. C., Kang, S., Keri, J. E., Leyden, J. J., Reynolds, R. V., Silverberg, N. B., Stein Gold, L. F., Tollefson, M. M., Weiss, J. S., Dolan, N. C., Sagan, A. A., Stern, M., Boyer, K. M., & Bhushan, R. (2016). Guidelines of care for the management of acne vulgaris. *Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology*, *74*(5), 945–973.e33. \[DOI:[10.1016/j.jaad.2015.12.037][Z16]]
- Zhang, J., & Stanczyk, F. Z. (2013). LC-MS Bioanalysis of Steroids. In Li, W., Zhang, J., & Tse, F. L. S. (Eds.). *Handbook of LC-MS Bioanalysis: Best Practices, Experimental Protocols, and Regulations* (pp. 573–590). Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons. \[DOI:[10.1002/9781118671276.ch45][ZS13]]
- Zhou, Z., Song, S., Gao, Z., Wu, J., Ma, J., & Cui, Y. (2019). The efficacy and safety of dutasteride compared with finasteride in treating men with androgenetic alopecia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. *Clinical Interventions in Aging*, *14*, 399–406. \[DOI:[10.2147/cia.s192435][Z18]]
- Zitzmann, M., Rohayem, J., Raidt, J., Kliesch, S., Kumar, N., Sitruk-Ware, R., & Nieschlag, E. (2017). Impact of various progestins with or without transdermal testosterone on gonadotropin levels for non-invasive hormonal male contraception: a randomized clinical trial. *Andrology*, *5*(3), 516–526. \[DOI:[10.1111/andr.12328][Z17]]
- Zuuren, E., & Fedorowicz, Z. (2016). Interventions for hirsutism excluding laser and photoepilation therapy alone: abridged Cochrane systematic review including GRADE assessments. *British Journal of Dermatology*, *175*(1), 45–61. \[DOI:[10.1111/bjd.14486][ZF16]]
@ -8,11 +8,9 @@ Transfeminine Science is [copyright](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copyright) of
and the other authors of Transfeminine Science.
[We reserve all rights](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_rights_reserved).
Please don't reproduce content from Transfeminine Science unless given direct permission from [Aly][aly].
(e.g., for [translation projects](https://transfemscience.org/misc/#transfeminine-science-translations)).
We ask that readers please don't reproduce content from Transfeminine Science unless given permission from [Aly][aly] (e.g., for [translation projects](https://transfemscience.org/misc/#transfeminine-science-translations)).
If permission to reproduce content is granted,
please appropriately attribute the content and link it back to the original page(s) on Transfeminine Science.
If permission to reproduce content is given, please appropriately attribute the content and link it back to the original page(s) on Transfeminine Science.
Bersella