除贴片之外，凝胶等其它雌二醇透皮制剂用于阴囊时也可大幅提升雌二醇水平。还需要指出，雌二醇凝胶应该无需大面积涂抹；因为根据一项研究的发现，雌二醇凝胶的涂抹面积越小，雌二醇水平就越高<sup>([Järvinen et al., 1997][j97]; [图表][graph3])</sup>。不过，雌二醇凝胶用于阴囊或新阴唇是否更高效尚有待测试和证实；无论如何，如果属实，其将具有相较于贴片的一项显著优势——其仅需每日涂抹一次，而无需时刻往身上贴贴片。\
- Iyer, R., Mok, S. F., Savkovic, S., Turner, L., Fraser, G., Desai, R., Jayadev, V., Conway, A. J., & Handelsman, D. J. (2017). Pharmacokinetics of testosterone cream applied to scrotal skin. [睾酮乳剂用于阴囊皮肤时的药代动力学] _Andrology, 5_(4), 725–731. [DOI:[10.1111/andr.12357][i17]]
- Kuhnert, B., Byrne, M., Simoni, M., Kopcke, W., Gerss, J., Lemmnitz, G., & Nieschlag, E. (2005). Testosterone substitution with a new transdermal, hydroalcoholic gel applied to scrotal or non-scrotal skin: a multicentre trial. [多中心试验：一种新的透皮水醇凝胶作为睾酮替代品用于阴囊、非阴囊皮肤] _European Journal of Endocrinology, 153_(2), 317–326. [DOI:[10.1530/eje.1.01964][k05]]
> 一项早前的研究显示，用于阴囊时，睾酮凝胶的药代动力学与睾酮贴片相似；也与用于非阴囊部位、5 倍剂量的睾酮凝胶相似——这与透皮睾酮在阴囊的生物利用度高 5 倍相一致<sup>(Kuhnert et al., 2005)</sup>。\
> 其它一些评估了非阴囊给药的透皮睾酮的药代动力学的研究，则观测到峰值浓度时间 (T<sub>max</sub>）为 6-16 小时不等<sup>(Marbury et al., 2003; Miller et al., 2011; Olsson et al., 2014)</sup>，但峰值浓度（C<sub>max</sub>）与经阴囊给药时相似<sup>(Rolf et al., 2002; Bouloux, 2005; Olsson et al., 2014)</sup>。
现有的对正接受标准激素治疗的女性倾向跨性别者进行的大型观察性研究，并未发现睾丸癌<sup>([Bensley et al., 2021][b21]; [de Nie et al., 2021][n21])</sup>或前列腺癌<sup>([de Nie et al., 2020][n20])</sup>的风险升高。事实上，这些女性倾向跨性别者的前列腺癌风险反而大幅降低了<sup>(de Nie et al., 2020)</sup>。\
此外，对于顺性别男性，雄激素匮乏可降低前列腺癌的风险或发展；而高剂量雌激素疗法在很长时间内都用于治疗前列腺癌，且卓有成效<sup>([Ockrim, Lalani, & Abel, 2006][ola06]; [Norman et al., 2008][n08]; [Langley et al., 2021][l21])</sup>。\
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