目前尚无任何数据描述舌下含服雌二醇引起的女性化程度;相比之下,口服及透皮雌二醇已有所描述<sup>([Sam, 2020a][SS20a])</sup>。不过,如上文所述,在女性倾向跨性别者及性腺发育不良的顺性别女孩的乳房发育及其它女性化效果上,口服与非口服形式的雌二醇并未被发现有任何差别<sup>([Rosenfield et al., 2005][R05]; [Shah et al., 2014][S14]; [Klaver et al., 2018][K18]; [de Blok et al., 2021][B21])</sup>。因此,对于舌下含服的雌二醇,应该也不会在效力上有别于之。
由于舌下含服雌二醇引起的雌二醇水平的大幅波动,也进一步产生了是否通过验血来监视雌二醇水平的考虑。截至目前,所有《指南》均未对用药后何时进行验血作出建议<sup>([Deutsch, 2016][D16]; [Cheung et al., 2019][C19]; [T’Sjoen et al., 2020][T20])</sup>。这可能和实际需求有一定关系;或者是因为目前尚未有来自任何随机性对照试验的、可供指引女性化激素疗法所用剂量的可靠数据。而且,也由于舌下含服后的雌二醇水平波动很大,有必要知道用药后何时进行采血,以更准确地解读来自实验室的结果。
仅有少量研究评估了舌下含服雌二醇对肝脏的影响<sup>([Pines et al., 1999][P99]; [Lim et al., 2019][L19])</sup>。数据发现其在脂质与胆固醇上的作用与其它形式的雌激素相似。有一项证据表明舌下含服雌二醇对肝脏的作用要强于透皮雌二醇等其它形式;那就是其引起的雌酮与硫酸雌酮含量显著更高——也即,其在肝脏内引起的雌激素暴露量更大<sup>([Burnier et al., 1981][B81]; [Cirrincione et al., 2021][C21])</sup>。非口服形式的雌二醇在高剂量下可引起高凝状态,从而在肝脏引起强烈的雌激素活动。
有相当一部分的研究对雌激素的短期与长期健康影响有所关注,不过无一研讨过舌下/面颊含服的情况<sup>([Oliver-Williams et al., 2019][OW19]; [Mishra et al., 2021][M21])</sup>。由于口服雌二醇的风险比非口服形式更高、且舌下含服只是部分(而非完全)避免了肝脏首过效应的代谢作用,可以认为,舌下含服雌二醇的风险应不高于口服、但也不低于其它非口服途径。
对于女性倾向跨性别者,舌下含服有一项很现实的阻碍:即每日需含服三次、四次乃至更多,会带来相当程度的不便。一些观察性研究发现,一般而言,为患者开出的药量与每日剂量,和患者的不配合行为及漏服次数呈正关联<sup>([Jin et al., 2008][J08]; [Toh et al., 2014][T14])</sup>。这些发现尤其跟女性倾向跨性别者有关,因为一般情况下,我们需要在数十年间一直服用激素。如果一段时间里仅漏服一次,倒无伤大雅;但连续多次漏服的话,问题就大了。
与舌下含服相反的是,口服雌二醇及其透皮凝胶的半衰期长至足以仅需每日用药一次<sup>([Wiegratz et al., 2001][W01]; [Potts & Lobo, 2005][PL05])</sup>。至于透皮贴片和非肠道给药(如注射剂——译者注)形式的雌二醇,其补充间隔可长达数日、以至更长<sup>([Thurman et al., 2013][T13]; [Wisner et al., 2015][W15])</sup>。因此,如果女性倾向跨性别者准备使用舌下含服而非其它途径,也应当格外留意,每日都要多次含服是否符合实际、足够方便;如否,则其它剂型应更适合使用。如要长期用药,那就更应该考虑这点了。
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