雌二醇是女性化激素治疗中主要的雌激素来源；针对不同[用药途径][wiki1]，业已有了相应形态。最常见的形态包括[口服片][wiki2]、[舌下含服片剂][wiki3]、[透皮剂][wiki4]以及[注射剂][wiki5]。在许多国家（例如欧洲大部分地区），雌二醇注射剂已停产，因此无法用于女性化激素治疗 <sup>([Glintborg et al., 2021][G21])</sup>；然而，不少女性倾向跨性别者仍在使用，尤其在美国和[自行用药][wiki6]（DIY）的群体中。常用的注射剂包括：[戊酸雌二醇][wiki7]（EV）、[环戊丙酸雌二醇][wiki8]（EC）和[庚酸雌二醇][wiki9]（EEn），皆为油溶液。\
不幸的是，以上数据的质量特别低：不仅样本数少，而且雌二醇水平差别明显。此外，尽管 EU 的持续时间长达数月，但上述项目仅跟踪了注射后两周内的数据。因此，无法基于这些数据为 EU 拟合一个相对准确的曲线——而是基于一种提议，即 EU 的雌二醇浓度曲线下面积约为其它非聚合物雌二醇酯的三分之一。另外还存在少量的多次注射数据，但其无法被整合<sup>([Jacobi & Altwein, 1979][JA79], [图表][graph36a]; [Jacobi et al., 1980][J80], [图表][graph36b]; [Derra, 1981][D81], [图表][graph36c])</sup>。经处理的源数据与拟合曲线见图 6。
3. 不少医师使用它们时，只会测量雌二醇水平的谷值——也就是下一次注射进行前的水平<sup>(例如 [Mueller et al., 2011][M11]; [Chantrapanichkul et al., 2021][C21]; [Cirrincione et al., 2021][CIRR21])</sup>。
Hughes, J. H., Woo, K. H., Keizer, R. J., & Goswami, S. (2022). Clinical Decision Support for Precision Dosing: Opportunities for Enhanced Equity and Inclusion in Health Care. [用于精确剂量的临床决策支持：增强医疗公平性与包容性的大好前景] *Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics*, *113*(3), 565–574. \[DOI:[10.1002/cpt.2799][H22]]:
> 89\. Aly, W. An interactive web simulator for estradiol levels with injectable estradiol esters. *Transfeminine Science* <https://transfemscience.org/articles/injectable-e2-simulator-release/> (2021) Accessed November 1, 2022.
Linet, T. (2023). Prise en charge endocrinologique d’une personne trans. \[对一名跨性别者的内分泌治疗] In Faucher, P., Hassoun, D., & Linet, T. (Eds.). *Santé sexuelle et reproductive des personnes LGBT* \[*LGBT 群体的性和生殖健康*] (pp. 109–124). Issy-les-Moulineaux, France: Elsevier Masson. \[[Google 阅读][L23-GB]] \[[网址][L23]] \[[WorldCat][L23-WC]] \[[摘录片段][L23-EXCERPT]] \[部分译文]:
- Herndon, J. S., Maheshwari, A. K., Nippoldt, T. B., Carlson, S. J., Davidge-Pitts, C. J., & Chang, A. Y. (2023). Comparison of Subcutaneous and Intramuscular Estradiol Regimens as part of Gender-Affirming Hormone Therapy. [性别肯定激素治疗中雌二醇以皮下、肌肉注射时的对比] *Endocrine Practice*, 在线先行发表（advance online publication）. \[DOI:[10.1016/j.eprac.2023.02.006][H23]] \[[网址][H23-SD]]
- Abuhelwa, A. Y., Foster, D. J., & Upton, R. N. (2015). ADVAN-style analytical solutions for common pharmacokinetic models. *Journal of Pharmacological and Toxicological Methods*, *73*, 42–48. \[DOI:[10.1016/j.vascn.2015.03.004][AFU15]]
- Aedo, A. R., Landgren, B. M., Johannisson, E., & Diczfalusy, E. (1985). Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic investigations with monthly injectable contraceptive preparations. *Contraception*, *31*(5), 453–469. \[DOI:[10.1016/0010-7824(85)90081-2][A85]]
- Aisaka, K., Ando, S., Kokubo, K., Yoshida, K., & Mori, H. (1986). いわゆる潜在性高prolactin血症患者におけるprolactin分泌予備能の検討. \[Studies on Prolactin Secreting Capacity in the Ovulatory Infertile Patients with Transient Hyperprolactinemia.] *日本内分泌学会雑誌* / *Nihon Naibunpi Gakkai Zasshi* / *Folia Endocrinologica Japonica*, *62*(5), 662–671. \[DOI:[10.1507/endocrine1927.62.5\_662][A86]]
- Akande, E. O. (1974). The effect of oestrogen on plasma levels of luteinizing hormone in euthyroid and thyrotoxic postmenopausal women. *The Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology of the British Commonwealth* / *BJOG*, *81*(10), 795–803. \[DOI:[10.1111/j.1471-0528.1974.tb00383.x][A74]]
- Ballard, B. E. (1978). An Overview of Prolonged Action Drug Dosage Forms. In Robinson, J. R. (Ed.). *Sustained and Controlled Release Drug Delivery Systems* (pp. 1–69). New York/Basel: Marcel Dekker. \[[Google 学术][B78]] \[[Google 阅读][B78-GB]]
- Behre, H. M., Oberpenning, F., & Nieschlag, E. (1990). Comparative pharmacokinetics of androgen preparations: application of computer analysis and simulation. In Nieschlag, E., & Behre, H. M. (Eds.). *Testosterone: Action · Deficiency · Substitution, 1st Edition* (pp. 115–135). Berlin/Heidelberg: Springer. \[DOI:[10.1007/978-3-662-00814-0\_6][BON90]]
- Behre, H. M., & Nieschlag, E. (1998). Comparative pharmacokinetics of testosterone esters. In Nieschlag, E., & Behre, H. M. (Eds.). *Testosterone: Action · Deficiency · Substitution, 2nd Edition* (pp. 329–348). Berlin/Heidelberg: Springer. \[DOI:[10.1007/978-3-642-72185-4\_11][BN98]]
- Behre, H. M., Wang, C., Handelsman, D. J., & Nieschlag, E. (2004). Pharmacology of testosterone preparations. *Testosterone: Action · Deficiency · Substitution, 3rd Edition* (pp. 405–444). Cambridge/New York: Cambridge University Press. \[DOI:[10.1017/CBO9780511545221.015][B04]] \[[PDF 文档][B04-PDF]]
- Behre, H. M., & Nieschlag, E. (2012). Testosterone preparations for clinical use in males. In Nieschlag, E., Behre, H. M., & Nieschlag, S. (Eds.). *Testosterone: Action · Deficiency · Substitution, 4th Edition* (pp. 309–335). Cambridge/New York: Cambridge University Press. \[DOI:[10.1017/CBO9781139003353.016][NB12]]
- Bider, D., Ben-Rafael, Z., Shalev, J., Goldenberg, M., Mashiach, S., & Blankstein, J. (1989). Pituitary and ovarian suppression rate after high dosage of gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist. *Fertility and Sterility*, *51*(4), 578–581. \[DOI:[10.1016/S0015-0282(16)60602-7][B89]]
- Blackwell, R. E., Boots, L. R., & Potter Jr, H. D. (1982). Evaluation of Delestrogen and Parlodel as a luteolytic agent in humans. *Fertility and Sterility*, *37*(2), 213–217. \[DOI:[10.1016/S0015-0282(16)46042-5][BBP82]]
- Bourns, A. (2019). *Guidelines for Gender-Affirming Primary Care with Trans and Non-Binary Patients, 4th Edition.* Toronto: Rainbow Health Ontario/Sherbourne Health. \[[网址][B19]] \[[PDF 文档][B19-PDF]]
- Bradbury, J. T., Long, R. C., & Durham, W. C. (1953). Progesterone and estrogen requirements to induce and maintain decidua. *Fertility and Sterility*, *4*(1), 63–75. \[DOI:[10.1016/S0015-0282(16)31145-1][BLD53]]
- Braun, P., Wildt, L., & Leyendecker, G. (1983). The effect of danazol on gonadotropin secretion during the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle. *Fertility and Sterility*, *40*(1), 37–44. \[DOI:[10.1016/S0015-0282(16)47174-8][BWL83]]
- Buckman, M. T., Johnson, J., Ellis, H., Srivastava, L., & Peake, G. T. (1980). Differential lipemic and proteinemic response to oral ethinyl estradiol and parenteral estradiol cypionate. *Metabolism*, *29*(9), 803–805. \[DOI:[10.1016/0026-0495(80)90117-1][B80]]
- Callen-Lorde Community Health Center. (2018). *Protocols for the Provision of Hormone Therapy*. New York City: Callen-Lorde Community Health Center. \[[网址][CL18]] \[[PDF 文档][CL18-PDF]]
- Canales, E. S., Cabezas, A., Vázquez-Matute, L., & Zárate, A. (1978). Induction of ovulation with clomiphene and estradiol benzoate in anovulatory women refractory to clomiphene alone. *Fertility and Sterility*, *29*(5), 496–499. \[DOI:[10.1016/S0015-0282(16)43271-1][C78]]
- Canales, E. S., Fonseca, M. E., Mason, M., & Zárate, A. (1981). Feedback effect of estradiol on follicle-stimulating hormone and prolactin secretion during the puerperium. *International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics*, *19*(1), 79–81. \[DOI:[10.1016/0020-7292(81)90043-6][C81]]
- Cano, A., Gimeno, F., Fuente, T., Parrilla, J. J., & Abad, L. (1986). The positive feedback of estradiol on gonadotropin secretion in women with perimenopausal dysfunctional uterine bleeding. *European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology*, *22*(5–6), 353–358. \[DOI:[10.1016/0028-2243(86)90125-5][C86]]
- Cavanaugh, T., Hopwood, R., Gonzalez, A., & Thompson, J. (2015). *The Medical Care of Transgender Persons.* Boston: Fenway Health. \[[网址][C15]] \[[PDF 文档][C15-PDF]]
- Chantrapanichkul, P., Stevenson, M. O., Suppakitjanusant, P., Goodman, M., & Tangpricha, V. (2021). Serum Hormone Concentrations in Transgender Individuals Receiving Gender-Affirming Hormone Therapy: A Longitudinal Retrospective Cohort Study. *Endocrine Practice*, *27*(1), 27–33. \[DOI:[10.4158/EP-2020-0414][C21]] \[[PDF 文档][C21-PDF]] \[[表格][table58e]]
- Chien, Y. W. (1981). Long-acting parenteral drug formulations. *Journal of Parenteral Science and Technology* / *PDA Journal of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology*, *35*(3), 106–139. \[[Google 学术][CHIEN81]] \[[网址][CHIEN81-PDA]] \[[PDF 文档][CHIEN81-PDF]]
- Cirrincione, L. R., Winston McPherson, G., Rongitsch, J., Sadilkova, K., Drees, J. C., Krasowski, M. D., Dickerson, J. A., & Greene, D. N. (2021). Sublingual estradiol is associated with higher estrone concentrations than transdermal or injectable preparations in transgender women and gender nonbinary adults. *LGBT Health*, *8*(2), 125–132. \[DOI:[10.1089/lgbt.2020.0249][CIRR21]] \[[PDF 文档][CIRR21-PDF]] \[[表格][table58f]]
- Colburn, W. A. (1981). Simultaneous pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic modeling. *Journal of Pharmacokinetics and Biopharmaceutics*, *9*(3), 367–388. \[DOI:[10.1007/BF01059272][COLB81]]
- Coleman, E., Radix, A. E., Bouman, W. P., Brown, G. R., de Vries, A. L., Deutsch, M. B., Ettner, R., Fraser, L., Goodman, M., Green, J., Hancock, A. B., Johnson, T. W., Karasic, D. H., Knudson, G. A., Leibowitz, S. F., Meyer-Bahlburg, H. F., Monstrey, S. J., Motmans, J., Nahata, L., … & Arcelus, J. (2022). \[World Professional Association for Transgender Health (WPATH)] Standards of Care for the Health of Transgender and Gender Diverse People, Version 8. *International Journal of Transgender Health*, *23*(Suppl 1), S1–S259. \[DOI:[10.1080/26895269.2022.2100644][C22]] \[[网址][C22-WPATH]] \[[PDF 文档][C22-PDF]]
- Dahl, M., Feldman, J. L., Goldberg, J., & Jaberi, A. (2015). *Endocrine Therapy for Transgender Adults in British Columbia: Suggested Guidelines. Physical Aspects of Transgender Endocrine Therapy.* Vancouver: Vancouver Coastal Health. \[[Google 学术][D15-GS]] \[[PDF 文档][D15]]
- Davidson, A., Franicevich, J., Freeman, M., Lin, R., Martinez, L., Monihan, M., Porch, M., Samuel, L., Stukalin, R., Vormohr, J., & Zevin, B. (2013). *Protocols for Hormonal Reassignment of Gender.* San Francisco: San Francisco Department of Public Health/Tom Waddell Health Center. \[[Google 学术][D13-GS]] \[[PDF 文档][D13]]
- *Depo<sup>®</sup>-Estradiol Estradiol Cypionate Label.* U.S. Food and Drug Administration/Pharmacia & Upjohn (Pfizer). \[[网址][FDA-EC-ALT]] \[[PDF 文档][FDA-EC]]
- Derra, C. (1981). *Hormonprofile unter Östrogen- und Antiandrogentherapie bei Patienten mit Prostatakarzinom: Östradiolundecylat versus Cyproteronacetat.* \[*Hormone Profiles under Estrogen and Antiandrogen Therapy in Patients with Prostate Cancer: Estradiol Undecylate versus Cyproterone Acetate.*] (Doctoral dissertation, University of Mainz.) \[[Google 学术][D81-GS]] \[[WorldCat][D81]] \[[PDF 文档][D81-PDF]] \[[英译本][D81-ENG]]
- Deutsch, M. (2014). Medical Transition. In Erickson-Schroth, L. (Ed.). *Trans Bodies, Trans Selves: A Resource for the Transgender Community* (pp. 241–264). Oxford University Press. \[[Google 阅读][D14]] \[[PDF 文档][D14-PDF]]
- Deutsch, M. B., Bhakri, V., & Kubicek, K. (2015). Effects of Cross-Sex Hormone Treatment on Transgender Women and Men. *Obstetrics & Gynecology*, *125*(3), 605–610. \[DOI:[10.1097/AOG.0000000000000692][DBK15]]
- Deutsch, M. B. (Ed.). (2016). *Guidelines for the Primary and Gender-Affirming Care of Transgender and Gender Nonbinary People, 2nd Edition.* San Francisco: University of California, San Francisco/UCSF Transgender Care. \[[网址][D16a]] \[[PDF 文档][D16A-PDF]]
- Deutsch, M. B. (2016). Overview of feminizing hormone therapy. In Deutsch, M. B. (Ed.). *Guidelines for the Primary and Gender-Affirming Care of Transgender and Gender Nonbinary People, 2nd Edition* (pp. 26–48). San Francisco: University of California, San Francisco/UCSF Transgender Care. \[[网址][D16b]] \[[PDF 文档][D16B-PDF]]
- Düsterberg, B., & Nishino, Y. (1982). Pharmacokinetic and pharmacological features of oestradiol valerate. *Maturitas*, *4*(4), 315–324. \[DOI:[10.1016/0378-5122(82)90064-0][DN82]]
- Düsterberg, B., & Wendt, H. (1983). Plasma levels of dehydroepiandrosterone and 17β-estradiol after intramuscular administration of Gynodian-Depot<sup>®</sup> in 3 women. *Hormones*, *17*(2), 84–89. \[DOI:[10.1159/000179680][DW83]]
- Düsterberg, B., Schmidt-Gollwitzer, M., & Hümpel, M. (1985). Pharmacokinetics and biotransformation of estradiol valerate in ovariectomized women. *Hormone Research in Paediatrics*, *21*(3), 145–154. \[DOI:[10.1159/000180039][DSH85]]
- Edkins, R. P. (1959). The Modification of the Duration of Drug Action: Pharmaceutical Considerations. *Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology*, *11*(Suppl 1), 54T–66T. \[DOI:[10.1111/j.2042-7158.1959.tb10412.x][E59]]
- Enever, R. P., Fotherby, K., Naderi, S., & Lewis, G. A. (1983). Long-acting contraceptive agents: The influence of physicochemical properties of some esters of norethisterone upon the plasma levels of free norethisterone. *Steroids*, *41*(3), 381–396. \[DOI:[10.1016/0039-128X(83)90109-5][E83]]
- Eriksson, O., Bäckström, T., Stridsberg, M., Hammarlund-Udenaes, M., & Naessén, T. (2006). Differential response to estrogen challenge test in women with and without premenstrual dysphoria. *Psychoneuroendocrinology*, *31*(4), 415–427. \[DOI:[10.1016/j.psyneuen.2005.10.004][E06]]
- Espino y Sosa, S., Cortés Fuentes, M., Gómez Rico, J. A., & Cortés Bonilla, M. (2019). Non-polymeric Microspheres for the Therapeutic Use of Estrogens: An Innovative Technology. In Khan, W. A. (Ed.). *Estrogen*. London: IntechOpen. \[DOI:[10.5772/intechopen.82553][ES19]]
- Fisher, D., & Shafer, S. (2007). *Fisher/Shafer NONMEM Workshop Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Analysis with NONMEM. Basic Concepts.* \[[PDF 文档][FS07]]
- Florence, A. T. (2010). Looking at Formulations. In Florence, A. T. *An Introduction to Clinical Pharmaceutics* (pp. 69–100). London/Chicago: Pharmaceutical Press. \[[Google 学术][F10-GS]] \[[Google 阅读][F10-GB]] [.][F10]
- Fotherby, K., Benagiano, G., Toppozada, H. K., Abdel-Rahman, A., Navaroli, F., Arce, B., Ramos-Cordero, R., Gual, C., Landgren, B. M., & Johannisson, E. (1982). A preliminary pharmacological trial of the monthly injectable contraceptive Cycloprovera. *Contraception*, *25*(3), 261–272. \[DOI:[10.1016/0010-7824(82)90049-X][F82]]
- Garner, P. R., & Armstrong, D. T. (1977). The effect of human chorionic gonadotropin and estradiol-17β on the maintenance of the human corpus luteum of early pregnancy. *American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology*, *128*(5), 469–475. \[DOI:[10.1016/0002-9378(77)90026-6][GA77]]
- Garza-Flores, J., Rodriguez, V., Perez-Palacios, G., Virutamasen, P., Tang-Keow, P., Konsayreepong, R., Kovacs, L., Koloszar, S., & Hall, P. E. (1987). A multicentered pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic study of once-a-month injectable contraceptives. I. Different doses of HRP112 and of DepoProvera. *Contraception*, *36*(4), 441–457. \[DOI:[10.1016/0010-7824(87)90093-X][GF87]]
- Garza-Flores, J., Alba, V. M., Cravioto, M. C., Hernandez, L., Perez-Palacios, G., Alvarado, G., Rivera, R., Recio, R., & Bassol, S. (1989). Estrogen-progestogen once-a-month injectable contraceptives and serum prolactin. *Contraception*, *39*(5), 519–529. \[DOI:[10.1016/0010-7824(89)90107-8][GF89]]
- Garza-Flores, J., Fatinikun, T., Hernandez, L., Ramos, I., Cardenas, M., & Menjivar, M. (1991). A pilot study on the assessment of a progesterone/estradiol sustained release as once-a-month-injectable contraceptive. *Contraception*, *44*(1), 45–59. \[DOI:[10.1016/0010-7824(91)90105-O][GF91]]
- Garza-Flores, J. (1994). Pharmacokinetics of once-a-month injectable contraceptives. *Contraception*, *49*(4), 347–359. \[DOI:[10.1016/0010-7824(94)90032-9][GF94]]
- Geppert, G. (1975). *Untersuchungen zur Pharmakokinetik von Östradiol-17β, Östradiol-Benzoat, Östradiol-Valerianat und Östradiol-Undezylat bei der Frau: Der Verlauf der Konzentrationen von Östradiol-17β, Östron, LH und FSH im Serum.* \[*Studies on the Pharmacokinetics of Estradiol-17β, Estradiol Benzoate, Estradiol Valerate, and Estradiol Undecylate in Women: The Course of the Relationships Between Estradiol-17β, Estrone, LH, and FSH in Serum.*] (Doctoral dissertation, University of Bonn.) \[[Google 学术][G75-GS]] \[[WorldCat][G75]] \[[PDF 文档][G75-PDF]] \[[英译本][G75-ENG]]
- Glintborg, D., T’Sjoen, G., Ravn, P., & Andersen, M. S. (2021). Management of endocrine disease: Optimal feminizing hormone treatment in transgender people. *European Journal of Endocrinology*, *185*(2), R49–R63. \[DOI:[10.1530/EJE-21-0059][G21]]
- Goh, H. H., & Ratnam, S. S. (1988). The LH surge in humans: its mechanism and sex difference. *Gynecological Endocrinology*, *2*(2), 165–182. \[DOI:[10.3109/09513598809023624][GR88]]
- Goh, H. H., & Ratnam, S. S. (1990). Effect of estrogens on prolactin secretion in transsexual subjects. *Archives of Sexual Behavior*, *19*(5), 507–516. \[DOI:[10.1007/BF02442351][GR90]]
- Goh, V. H. H., & Lee, K. O. (1998). Does a positive oestrogen feedback on the hypothalamic-pituitary axis exist concurrently with a defective testosterone feedback in Klinefelter’s syndrome? *Hormone Research in Paediatrics*, *50*(3), 160–165. \[DOI:[10.1159/000023266][GL98]]
- Goodman, R. E., Anderson, D. C., Bu’Lock, D. E., Sheffield, B., Lynch, S. S., & Butt, W. R. (1985). Study of the effect of estradiol on gonadotrophin levels in untreated male-to-female transsexuals. *Archives of Sexual Behavior*, *14*(2), 141–146. \[DOI:[10.1007/BF01541659][G85]]
- Gooren, L. J. G., Rao, B. R., Van Kessel, H., & Harmsen-Louman, W. (1984). Estrogen positive feedback on LH secretion in transsexuality. *Psychoneuroendocrinology*, *9*(3), 249–259. \[DOI:[10.1016/0306-4530(84)90004-0][G84]]
- Gooren, L. (2005). Hormone treatment of the adult transsexual patient. *Hormone Research in Paediatrics*, *64*(Suppl 2), 31–36. \[DOI:[10.1159/000087751][G05]]
- Göretzlehner, G., Ackermann, W., Angelow, K., Bergmann, G., Bieck, E., Golbs, S., & Kliem, O. (2002). Pharmakokinetik von Estron, Estradiol, FSH, LH und Prolaktin nach intramuskulärer Applikation von 5 mg Estradiolvalerat. \[Pharmacokinetics of estradiol valerate in postmenopausal women after intramuscular administration.] *Journal für Menopause*, *9*(2), 46–49. \[[Google 学术][G02-GS]] \[[网址][G02]] \[[PDF 文档][G02-PDF]] \[[英译本][G02-ENG]]
- Gorton, N., Jaffe, J. M., Thompson, J., Menkin, D., Nesteby, A., Dunn, D., Baker, K. K., Harbatkin, D., Do, T., Radix, A., Meacher, P., Goldstein, Z., Carpenter, W., Caine, M., Henn, S., Murayama, R., Feldmann, J., & Zayas, S. (2019). *TransLine Gender Affirming Hormone Therapy Prescriber Guidelines.* San Francisco: Lyon-Martin Health Services/TransLine. \[[网址][T19]] \[[PDF 文档][T19-PDF]]
- Gunnarsson, P. O., & Norlén, B. J. (1988). Clinical pharmacology of polyestradiol phosphate. *The Prostate*, *13*(4), 299–304. \[DOI:[10.1002/pros.2990130405][GN88]]
- Hamburger, C., & Benjamin, H. (1969). Endocrine Treatment of Male and Female Transsexualism / Appendix for the Practicing Physician: Suggestions and Guidelines for the Management of Transsexuals. In Green, R., & Money, J. (Eds.). *Transsexualism and Sex Reassignment* (pp. 291–307). Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press. \[[Google 学术][HB69]] \[[Google 阅读][HB69-GB]] \[[PDF 文档][HB69-PDF]]
- Hembree, W. C., Cohen-Kettenis, P. T., Gooren, L., Hannema, S. E., Meyer, W. J., Murad, M. H., Rosenthal, S. M., Safer, J. D., Tangpricha, V., & T’Sjoen, G. G. (2017). Endocrine Treatment of Gender-Dysphoric/Gender-Incongruent Persons: An Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline. *The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism*, *102*(11), 3869–3903. \[DOI:[10.1210/jc.2017-01658][H17]]
- Henriksson, P., Carlström, K., Pousette, A., Gunnarsson, P. O., Johansson, C. J., Eriksson, B., Altersgård-Brorsson, A. K., Nordle, O., & Stege, R. (1999). Time for revival of estrogens in the treatment of advanced prostatic carcinoma? Pharmacokinetics, and endocrine and clinical effects, of a parenteral estrogen regimen. *The Prostate*, *40*(2), 76–82. \[DOI:[10.1002/(SICI)1097-0045(19990701)40:2<76::AID-PROS2>3.0.CO;2-Q][H99]]
- Herndon, J. S., Maheshwari, A. K., Nippoldt, T. B., Carlson, S. J., Davidge-Pitts, C. J., & Chang, A. Y. (2023). Comparison of Subcutaneous and Intramuscular Estradiol Regimens as part of Gender-Affirming Hormone Therapy. *Endocrine Practice*, advance online publication. \[DOI:[10.1016/j.eprac.2023.02.006][H23]] \[[网址][H23-SD]] \[[PDF 1][H23-PDF1]] \[[PDF 2][H23-PDF2]]
- Hughes, J. H., Woo, K. H., Keizer, R. J., & Goswami, S. (2022). Clinical Decision Support for Precision Dosing: Opportunities for Enhanced Equity and Inclusion in Health Care. *Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics*, *113*(3), 565–574. \[DOI:[10.1002/cpt.2799][H22]]
- Ibrahim, S. (1996/1998). *Pharmakokinetische Untersuchungen mit Östradiolvalerat und Hydroxyprogesteroncaproat in Depotform nach einmaliger Applikation bei 24 postmenopausalen Frauen.* \[*Pharmacokinetic studies with estradiol valerate and hydroxyprogesterone caproate in depot form after a single application in 24 postmenopausal women.*] (Doctoral dissertation, Dresden University of Technology.) \[[Google 学术][I96-GS]] \[[WorldCat][I96]] \[[PDF 部分内容][I96-PDF]]
- Ittrich, G., & Pots, P. (1965). Östrogenbestimmungen in Blut und Urin nach Verabreichung von Östrogenen. \[Estrogen determinations in blood and urine after administration of estrogens.] In Kraatz, H. (Ed.). *International Symposium der Gynäkologischen Endokrinologie vom 15. bis 18. Mai 1963.* / *Abhandlungen der Deutschen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, Klasse für Medizin*, 1965(1), 53–56. \[ISSN:[0568-4250][IP65-ISSN]] \[[WorldCat 1][IP65-WC1]] \[[WorldCat 2][IP65-WC2]] \[[WorldCat 3][IP65-WC3]] \[[PDF 文档][IP65-PDF]] \[[英译本][IP65]]
- Jacobi, G. H., & Altwein, J. E. (1979). Bromocriptin als Palliativtherapie beim fortgeschrittenen Prostatakarzinom. \[Bromocriptine for palliation of advanced prostatic carcinoma. Experimental and clinical profile of a drug.] *Urologia Internationalis*, *34*(4), 266–290. \[DOI:[10.1159/000280272][JA79]]
- Jacobi, G. H., Altwein, J. E., Kurth, K. H., Basting, R., & Hohenfellner, R. (1980). Treatment of advanced prostatic cancer with parenteral cyproterone acetate: a phase III randomised trial. *British Journal of Urology*, *52*(3), 208–215. \[DOI:[10.1111/j.1464-410X.1980.tb02961.x][J80]]
- Jacobi, G. R. (1982). Experimental Rationale for the Investigation of Antiprolactins as Palliative Treatment for Prostate Cancer. In Jacobi, G. H., & Hohenfellner, R. (Eds.). *Prostate Cancer* (*International Perspectives in Urology, Volume 3*) (pp. 419–431). Baltimore/London: Williams & Wilkins. \[[Google 学术][J82]] \[[Google 阅读][J82-GB]]
- Jilma, B., Eichler, H. G., Breiteneder, H., Wolzt, M., Aringer, M., Graninger, W., Röhrer, C., Veitl, M., & Wagner, O. F. (1994). Effects of 17β-estradiol on circulating adhesion molecules. *The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism*, *79*(6), 1619–1624. \[DOI:[10.1210/jcem.79.6.7527406][J94]]
- Johansson, C. J., & Gunnarsson, P. O. (2000). Pharmacodynamic model of testosterone suppression after intramuscular depot estrogen therapy in prostate cancer. *The Prostate*, *44*(1), 26–30. \[DOI:[10.1002/1097-0045(20000615)44:1<26::AID-PROS4>3.0.CO;2-P][JG00]]
- Jones, T. M., Fang, V. S., Landau, R. L., & Rosenfield, R. (1978). Direct inhibition of Leydig cell function by estradiol. *The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism*, *47*(6), 1368–1373. \[DOI:[10.1210/jcem-47-6-1368][J78]]
- Jönsson, G., Olsson, A. M., Luttrop, W., Cekan, Z., Purvis, K., & Diczfalusy, E. (1976). Treatment of prostatic carcinoma with various types of estrogen derivatives. In Munson, P. L., Diczfalusy, E., Glover, J., Olson, R. E., Harris, R. S., Thimann, K. V., Loraine, J. A., & Wool, I. G. (Eds.). *Vitamins & Hormones, Volume 33* (pp. 351–376). New York/San Francisco/London: Academic Press. \[DOI:[10.1016/S0083-6729(08)60965-6][J76]]
- Kalicharan, R. W., Schot, P., & Vromans, H. (2016). Fundamental understanding of drug absorption from a parenteral oil depot. *European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences*, *83*, 19–27. \[DOI:[10.1016/j.ejps.2015.12.011][KSV16]]
- Kalicharan, R. W. (2017). *New Insights into Drug Absorption from Oil Depots.* (Doctoral dissertation, Utrecht University.) \[[Google 学术][K17-GS]] \[[网址][K17]] \[[PDF 文档][K17-PDF]]
- Kemeter, P., Bernaschek, G., Altmann, G., & Feichtinger, W. (1984). The effect of 2 mg estradiol-17β plus 1 mg estriol, sequentially combined with 1 mg norethisteroneacetate, on LH, FSH, estradiol-17β, progesterone, testosterone and prolactin after ovarectomy. *Archives of Gynecology*, *234*(3), 219–229. \[DOI:[10.1007/BF00570759][K84]]
- Kerdelhué, B., Andrews, M. C., Zhao, Y., Scholler, R., & Jones Jr, H. W. (2006). Short term changes in melatonin and cortisol serum levels after a single administration of estrogen to menopausal women. *Neuroendocrinology Letters*, *27*(5), 659–664. \[[Google 学术][K06-GS]] \[[网址][K06]] \[[PDF 文档][K06-PDF]]
- Keye, W. R., & Jaffe, R. B. (1975). Strength-duration characteristics of estrogen effects on gonadotropin response to gonadotropin-releasing hormone in women. I. Effects of varying duration of estradiol administration. *The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism*, *41*(6), 1003–1008. \[DOI:[10.1210/jcem-41-6-1003][KJ75]]
- Knudsen, P., Hansen, L. B., & Larsen, N. E. (1985). Pharmacokinetic implications of different oil vehicles used in depot neuroleptic treatment. *Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica*, *72*(S322), 7–10. \[DOI:[10.1111/j.1600-0447.1985.tb08535.x][KHL85]]
- Kronawitter, D., Gooren, L. J., Zollver, H., Oppelt, P. G., Beckmann, M. W., Dittrich, R., & Mueller, A. (2009). Effects of transdermal testosterone or oral dydrogesterone on hypoactive sexual desire disorder in transsexual women: results of a pilot study. *European Journal of Endocrinology*, *161*(2), 363–368. \[DOI:[10.1530/eje-09-0265][K09]] \[[表格][table58b]]
- Kuhl, H. (1986). Hormonsubstitution durch Injektionspräparate und Hautimplantate. \[Hormone substitution by injectable preparations and skin implants.] *Der Gynäkologe*, *19*(4), 241–247. \[[Google 学术][K86-GS]] \[[PubMed][K86]] \[[PDF 文档][K86-PDF]] \[[英译本][K86-ENG]]
- Kuhl, H. (1990). Pharmacokinetics of oestrogens and progestogens. *Maturitas*, *12*(3), 171–197. \[DOI:[10.1016/0378-5122(90)90003-O][K90]]
- Kuhl, H. (2005). Pharmacology of estrogens and progestogens: influence of different routes of administration. *Climacteric*, *8*(Suppl 1), 3–63. \[DOI:[10.1080/13697130500148875][K05]] \[[PDF 文档][K05-PDF]]
- LaBudde, J. A., Craig, W. Y., & Spratt, D. I. (2020). Initial Evaluation of Safety and Efficacy of Administration of Estradiol (E2) by Subcutaneous (SC) Injections to Male-to-Female (MTF) Transgender Patients. *Fertility and Sterility*, *114*(3), e91–e91. \[DOI:[10.1016/j.fertnstert.2020.08.277][LCS20]]
- Langley, R. E., Gilbert, D. C., Duong, T., Clarke, N. W., Nankivell, M., Rosen, S. D., Mangar, S., Macnair, A., Sundaram, S. K., Laniado, M. E., Dixit, S., Madaan, S., Manetta, C., Pope, A., Scrase, C. D., Mckay, S., Muazzam, I. A., Collins, G. N., Worlding, J., Williams, S. T., … & Parmar, M. (2021). Transdermal oestradiol for androgen suppression in prostate cancer: long-term cardiovascular outcomes from the randomised Prostate Adenocarcinoma Transcutaneous Hormone (PATCH) trial programme. *The Lancet*, *397*(10274), 581–591. \[DOI:[10.1016/S0140-6736(21)00100-8][L21]]
- Larsen, S. W., Rinvar, E., Svendsen, O., Lykkesfeldt, J., Friis, G. J., & Larsen, C. (2001). Determination of the disappearance rate of iodine-125 labelled oils from the injection site after intramuscular and subcutaneous administration to pigs. *International Journal of Pharmaceutics*, *230*(1–2), 67–75. \[DOI:[10.1016/S0378-5173(01)00860-2][L01]]
- Larsen, S. W., & Larsen, C. (2009). Critical factors influencing the in vivo performance of long-acting lipophilic solutions—impact on in vitro release method design. *The AAPS Journal*, *11*(4), 762–770. \[DOI:[10.1208/s12248-009-9153-9][LL09]]
- Larsen, C., Larsen, S. W., Jensen, H., Yaghmur, A., & Østergaard, J. (2009). Role of in vitro release models in formulation development and quality control of parenteral depots. *Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery*, *6*(12), 1283–1295. \[DOI:[10.1517/17425240903307431][L09]]
- Larsen, S. W., Thing, M. A., & Larsen, C. (2012). Oily (lipophilic) solutions and suspensions. In Wright, J. C., & Burgess, D. J. (Eds.). *Long Acting Injections and Implants* (*Advances in Delivery Science and Technology*) (pp. 113–135). Boston: Springer. \[DOI:[10.1007/978-1-4614-0554-2\_7][LTL12]]
- Le, A., Huang, K. J., & Cirrincione, L. R. (2022). Regulation of drug-metabolizing enzymes by sex-related hormones: clinical implications for transgender medicine. *Trends in Pharmacological Sciences*, *43*(7), 582–592. \[DOI:[10.1016/j.tips.2022.03.006][LHC22]]
- Leinonen, P., Hammond, G. L., Lukkarinen, O., & Vihko, R. (1979). Serum sex hormone binding globulin and testosterone binding after estradiol administration, castration, and their combination in men with prostatic carcinoma. *Investigative Urology*, *17*(1), 24–27. \[[Google 学术][L79-GS]] \[[PubMed][L79]]
- Leinonen, P. (1980). Estrone and estradiol concentrations in the testis and spermatic and peripheral venous blood of elderly men: the influence of estrogen treatment. *Journal of Steroid Biochemistry*, *13*(7), 737–742. \[DOI:[10.1016/0022-4731(80)90225-3][L80]]
- Leyendecker, G., Geppert, G., Nocke, W., & Ufer, J. (1975). Untersuchungen zur Pharmakokinetik von Östradiol-17β, Östradiol-Benzoat, Östradiol-Valerianat und Östradiol-Undezylat bei der Frau: Der Verlauf der Konzentrationen von Östradiol-17β, Östron, LH und FSH im Serum. \[Estradiol-17β, Estrone, LH and FSH in Serum After Administration of Estradiol-17β, Estradiol-Benzoate, Estradiol-Valeriate and Estradiol-Undecylate in the Female.] *Geburtshilfe und Frauenheilkunde*, *35*(5), 370–374. \[[Google 学术][L75-GS]] \[[PubMed][L75]] \[[PDF 文档][L75-PDF]] \[[英译本][L75-ENG]]
- Leyendecker, G., Wildt, L., Gips, H., Nocke, W., & Plotz, E. J. (1976). Experimental studies on the positive feedback effect of progesterone, 17α-hydroxyprogesterone and 20α-dihydroprogesterone on the pituitary release of LH and FSH in the human female. *Archiv für Gynäkologie*, *221*(1), 29–45. \[DOI:[10.1007/BF00667679][L76]]
- Lichten, E. M., Lichten, J. B., Whitty, A., & Pieper, D. (1996). The confirmation of a biochemical marker for women’s hormonal migraine: The depo‐estradiol challenge test. *Headache: The Journal of Head and Face Pain*, *36*(6), 367–371. \[DOI:[10.1046/j.1526-4610.1996.3606367.x][L96]]
- Linet, T. (2023). Prise en charge endocrinologique d’une personne trans. \[Endocrinological care of a trans person.] In Faucher, P., Hassoun, D., & Linet, T. (Eds.). *Santé sexuelle et reproductive des personnes LGBT* \[*Sexual and Reproductive Health of LGBT People*] (pp. 109–124). Issy-les-Moulineaux, France: Elsevier Masson. \[[Google 阅读][L23-GB]] \[[网址][L23]] \[[WorldCat][L23-WC]] \[[摘录片段][L23-EXCERPT]]
- Lixsoft (2008). *Mathematical Expressions of the Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Models Implemented in the Monolix Software.* \[[PDF 文档][L08]]
- Martinez, G. (1995). Estradiol and Progesterone Serum Levels in Women Using the Once-a-month Injectable Contraceptive Perlutal. / Benagiano, G., Bianchi, P., von Kesserü, E., Castañeda, A., Correa, J. E., & Martínez, G. (1995). Session 19 what is new about injectable contraceptives? *Advances in Contraception*, *11*(1), 39–42. \[DOI:[10.1007/BF02436100][M95]]
- Martins, R. S., Antunes, N. J., Comerlatti, G., Caraccio, G., Moreno, R. A., Frecentese, F., Caliendo, G., & De Nucci, G. (2019). Quantification of estradiol cypionate in plasma by liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry: Application in a pharmacokinetic study in healthy female volunteers. *Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis*, *170*, 273–278. \[DOI:[10.1016/j.jpba.2019.03.053][M19]]
- Messinis, I. E., & Templeton, A. (1987). Effect of high dose exogenous oestrogen on midcycle luteinizing hormone surge in human spontaneous cycles. *Clinical Endocrinology*, *27*(4), 453–459. \[DOI:[10.1111/j.1365-2265.1987.tb01173.x][MT87a]]
- Messinis, I. E., & Templeton, A. A. (1987). Disparate effects of endogenous and exogenous oestradiol on luteal phase function in women. *Reproduction*, *79*(2), 549–554. \[DOI:[10.1530/jrf.0.0790549][MT87b]]
- Minto, C. F., Howe, C., Wishart, S., Conway, A. J., & Handelsman, D. J. (1997). Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of nandrolone esters in oil vehicle: effects of ester, injection site and injection volume. *Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics*, *281*(1), 93–102. \[[网址][M97]]
- Mueller, A., Zollver, H., Kronawitter, D., Oppelt, P. G., Claassen, T., Hoffmann, I., Beckmann, M. W., & Dittrich, R. (2011). Body composition and bone mineral density in male-to-female transsexuals during cross-sex hormone therapy using gonadotrophin-releasing hormone agonist. *Experimental and Clinical Endocrinology & Diabetes*, *119*(2), 95–100. \[DOI:[10.1055/s-0030-1255074][M11]] \[[表格][table58c]]
- Newton, J. R., d’Arcangues, C., & Hall, P. E. (1994). A review of ‘once-a-month’ combined injectable contraceptives. *Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology*, *14*(Suppl 1), S1–S34. \[DOI:[10.3109/01443619409027641][NAH94]]
- Nelson, M. D., Szczepaniak, L. S., Wei, J., Szczepaniak, E., Sánchez, F. J., Vilain, E., Stern, J. H., Bergman, R. N., Bairey Merz, C. N., & Clegg, D. J. (2016). Transwomen and the Metabolic Syndrome: Is Orchiectomy Protective? *Transgender Health*, *1*(1), 165–171. \[DOI:[10.1089/trgh.2016.0016][N16]] \[[表格][table58d]]
- Nieschlag, E., & Behre, H. M. (2010). Testosterone therapy. In Nieschlag, E., Behre, H. M., & Nieschlag, S. (Eds.). *Andrology* (pp. 437–455). Berlin/Heidelberg: Springer. \[DOI:[10.1007/978-3-540-78355-8\_21][NB10]] \[[PDF 文档][NB10-PDF]]
- Norlén, B. J., Fritjofsson, Å., Grönquist, L., Gunnarsson, P. O., Johansson, S. Å., & Plym-Forshell, G. (1987). Plasma concentrations of estradiol and testosterone in single-drug polyestradiol phosphate therapy for prostatic cancer. *European Urology*, *13*, 193–197. \[DOI:[10.1159/000472772][N87]]
- Olson-Kennedy, J., Rosenthal, S. M., Hastings, J., & Wesp, L. (2016). Health considerations for gender non-conforming children and transgender adolescents. In Deutsch, M. B. (Ed.). *Guidelines for the Primary and Gender-Affirming Care of Transgender and Gender Nonbinary People, 2nd Edition* (pp. 186–199). San Francisco: University of California, San Francisco/UCSF Transgender Care. \[[网址][D16b]] \[[PDF 文档][OK16-PDF]] [.][OK16]
- Oriowo, M. A., Landgren, B. M., Stenström, B., & Diczfalusy, E. (1980). A comparison of the pharmacokinetic properties of three estradiol esters. *Contraception*, *21*(4), 415–424. \[DOI:[10.1016/S0010-7824(80)80018-7][O80]]
- Parkes, A. S. (1937). Relative duration of action of various esters of oestrone, oestradiol and oestriol. *Biochemical Journal*, *31*(4), 579–585. \[DOI:[10.1042/bj0310579][P37]]
- Presl, J., Horejsi, J., Štroufová, A., & Herzmann, J. (1976). Sexual maturation in girls and the development of estrogen-induced gonadotropic hormone release. *Annales de Biologie Animale, Biochimie, Biophysique*, *16*(3), 377–383. \[DOI:[10.1051/rnd:19760314][P76]]
- Rahimy, M. H., & Ryan, K. K. (1999). Lunelle monthly contraceptive injection (medroxyprogesterone acetate and estradiol cypionate injectable suspension): assessment of return of ovulation after three monthly injections in surgically sterile women. *Contraception*, *60*(4), 189–200. \[DOI:[10.1016/s0010-7824(99)00081-5][RR99]]
- Rahimy, M. H., Ryan, K. K., & Hopkins, N. K. (1999). Lunelle™ monthly contraceptive injection (medroxyprogesterone acetate and estradiol cypionate injectable suspension): steady-state pharmacokinetics of MPA and E2 in surgically sterile women. *Contraception*, *60*(4), 209–214. \[DOI:[10.1016/S0010-7824(99)00086-4][RRH99]]
- Rauramo, L., Punnonen, R., Kaihola, H. L., & Grönroos, M. (1980). Serum oestrone, oestradiol and oestriol concentrations in castrated women during intramuscular oestradiolvalerate and oestradiolbenzoate-oestradiolphenylpropionate therapy. *Maturitas*, *2*(1), 53–58. \[DOI:[10.1016/0378-5122(80)90060-2][R80]]
- Rauramo, L., Punnonen, R., & Grönroos, M. (1981). Serum concentrations of oestrone, oestradiol and oestriol during various oestrogen treatments. *Maturitas*, *3*(2), 183–186. \[DOI:[10.1016/0378-5122(81)90010-4][RPG81]]
- Recio, R., Garza-Flores, J., Schiavon, R., Reyes, A., Diaz-Sanchez, V., Valles, V., Luz de la Cruz, D., Oropeza, G., & Perez-Palacios, G. (1986). Pharmacodynamic assessment of dihydroxyprogesterone acetophenide plus estradiol enanthate as a monthly injectable contraceptive. *Contraception*, *33*(6), 579–589. \[DOI:[10.1016/0010-7824(86)90046-6][R86]]
- Reimann, I. W., Britzelmeier, C., Haber, P., Wollmann, H., Antonin, K. H., & Bieck, P. R. (1987). Influence of Oestradiol on Alpha<sub>2</sub>-Adrenoceptor Binding Sites on Intact Platelets of Young Male Volunteers. *European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology*, *33*(2), 147–150. \[DOI:[10.1007/BF00544558][R87]]
- Rosenfield, R. L., Fang, V. S., Dupon, C., Kim, M. H., & Refetoff, S. (1973). The effects of low doses of depot estradiol and testosterone in teenagers with ovarian failure and Turner’s syndrome. *The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism*, *37*(4), 574–580. \[DOI:[10.1210/jcem-37-4-574][R73]]
- Rosenfield, R. L., & Fang, V. S. (1974). The effects of prolonged physiologic estradiol therapy on the maturation of hypogonadal teen-agers. *The Journal of Pediatrics*, *85*(6), 830–837. \[DOI:[10.1016/S0022-3476(74)80355-0][RF74]]
- Sang, G. W., Ge, J. L., Liu, X. H., Shao, Q. X., Zhao, X. J., & Mao, S. M. (1987). 不同剂量庚炔诺酮单独或配伍戊酸雌二醇后的药代动力学及药效学. \[Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of different doses of norethisterone enanthate alone and in combination with estradiol valerate.] *中国临床药理学杂志* / *Chinese Journal of Clinical Pharmacology*, *3*(1), 7–18. \[[Google 学术][SANG87-GS]] \[[CNKI][SANG87-CNKI]] \[DOI:[10.13699/j.cnki.1001-6821.1987.01.002][SANG87]] \[[PDF 文档][SANG87-PDF]]
- Sang, G. W. (1994). Pharmacodynamic effects of once-a-month combined injectable contraceptives. *Contraception*, *49*(4), 361–385. \[DOI:[10.1016/0010-7824(94)90033-7][S94]]
- Schiavon, R., Benavides, S., Oropeza, G., Garza-Flores, J., Recio, R., Díaz-Sanchez, V., & Pérez-Palacios, G. (1988). Serum estrogens and ovulation return in chronic users of a once-a-month injectable contraceptive. *Contraception*, *37*(6), 591–598. \[DOI:[10.1016/0010-7824(88)90005-4][S88]]
- Schug, B. S., Donath, F., & Blume, H. H. (2012). Bioavailability and pharmacodynamics of two 10-mg estradiol valerate depot formulations following IM single dose administration in healthy postmenopausal volunteers. *International Journal of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics*, *50*(2), 100–117. \[[Google 学术][SDB12-GS]] \[DOI:[10.5414/cp201589][SDB12]] \[[PDF 文档][SDB12-PDF]]
- Schulte-Beerbühl, M., & Nieschlag, E. (1980). Comparison of testosterone, dihydrotestosterone, luteinizing hormone, and follicle-stimulating hormone in serum after injection of testosterone enanthate or testosterone cypionate. *Fertility and Sterility*, *33*(2), 201–203. \[DOI:[10.1016/S0015-0282(16)44543-7][SBN80]]
- Schultz, K., Møllgaard, B., Fisher, A. N., Illum, L., & Larsen, C. (1998). Intramuscular rate of disappearance of oily vehicles in rabbits investigated by gamma-scintigraphy. *International Journal of Pharmaceutics*, *169*(1), 121–126. \[DOI:[10.1016/S0378-5173(98)00121-5][S98]]
- Schweikert, H. U., Weissbach, L., Leyendecker, G., Schwinger, E., Wartenberg, H., & Krück, F. (1982). Clinical, endocrinological, and cytological characterization of two 46, XX males. *The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism*, *54*(4), 745–752. \[DOI:[10.1210/jcem-54-4-745][S82]]
- Seibert, B., & Günzel, P. (1994). Animal toxicity studies performed for risk assessment of the once-a-month injectable contraceptive Mesigyna<sup>®</sup>. *Contraception*, *49*(4), 303–333. \[DOI:[10.1016/0010-7824(94)90030-2][SG94]]
- Shah, J. C. (2007). Controlled Release – Small Molecules. In Stella, V. J., Borchardt, R. T., Hageman, M. J., Oliyai, R., Maag, H., & Tilley, J. W. (Eds.). *Prodrugs: Challenges and Rewards, Part 1* (*Biotechnology: Pharmaceutical Aspects, Volume V*) (pp. 357–377). New York: Springer. \[DOI:[10.1007/978-0-387-49785-3\_9][S07]]
- Sharula, Chekir, C., Emi, Y., Arai, F., Kikuchi, Y., Sasaki, A., Matsuda, M., Shimizu, K., Tabuchi, K., Kamada, Y., Hiramatsu, Y., & Nakatsuka, M. (2012). Altered arterial stiffness in male‐to‐female transsexuals undergoing hormonal treatment. *Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Research*, *38*(6), 932–940. \[DOI:[10.1111/j.1447-0756.2011.01815.x][S12]] \[[相关资料][S12-PDF]]
- Shaw, R. W., Butt, W. R., London, D. R., & Marshall, J. C. (1975). The oestrogen provocation test: a method of assessing the hypothalamic‐pituitary axis in patients with amenorrhoea. *Clinical Endocrinology*, *4*(3), 267–276. \[DOI:[10.1111/j.1365-2265.1975.tb01534.x][S75]]
- Shaw, R. W., Butt, W. R., & London, D. R. (1975). The effect of oestrogen pretreatment on subsequent response to luteinizing hormone releasing hormone in normal women. *Clinical Endocrinology*, *4*(3), 297–304. \[DOI:[10.1111/j.1365-2265.1975.tb01537.x][SBL75]]
- Shaw, R. W. (1978). Neuroendocrinology of the menstrual cycle in humans. *Clinics in Endocrinology and Metabolism*, *7*(3), 531–559. \[DOI:[10.1016/S0300-595X(78)80008-5][S78]]
- Shahiwala, A., Mehta, T. A., & Momin, M. M. (2018). Parenteral drug delivery systems. In Misra, A., & Shahiwala, A. (Eds.). *In-Vitro and In-Vivo Tools in Drug Delivery Research for Optimum Clinical Outcomes* (pp. 283–318). Boca Raton: CRC Press. \[DOI:[10.1201/b22448-9][SMM18]] \[[Google 阅读][SMM18-GB]]
- Sherwin, B. B., & Gelfand, M. M. (1987). Individual differences in mood with menopausal replacement therapy: Possible role of sex hormone-binding globulin. *Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics & Gynecology*, *6*(2), 121–131. \[DOI:[10.3109/01674828709016773][SG87]]
- Sherwin, B. B., Gelfand, M. M., Schucher, R., & Gabor, J. (1987). Postmenopausal estrogen and androgen replacement and lipoprotein lipid concentrations. *American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology*, *156*(2), 414–419. \[DOI:[10.1016/0002-9378(87)90295-X][SHER87]]
- Sherwin, B. B. (1988). Affective changes with estrogen and androgen replacement therapy in surgically menopausal women. *Journal of Affective Disorders*, *14*(2), 177–187. \[DOI:[10.1016/0165-0327(88)90061-4][SHER88]]
- Sierra-Ramírez, J. A., Lara-Ricalde, R., Lujan, M., Velázquez-Ramírez, N., Godínez-Victoria, M., Hernádez-Munguía, I. A., Padilla, A., & Garza-Flores, J. (2011). Comparative pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics after subcutaneous and intramuscular administration of medroxyprogesterone acetate (25 mg) and estradiol cypionate (5 mg). *Contraception*, *84*(6), 565–570. \[DOI:[10.1016/j.contraception.2011.03.014][SR11]]
- Sinkula, A. A. (1978). Methods to Achieve Sustained Drug Delivery. The Chemical Approach. In Robinson, J. R. (Ed.). *Sustained and Controlled Release Drug Delivery Systems* (pp. 411–555). New York/Basel: Marcel Dekker. \[[Google 学术][SINKULA78]] \[[Google 阅读][B78-GB]] \[[PDF 文档][SINKULA78-PDF]]
- Somerville, B. W. (1971). The Role of Oestradiol in Menstrual Migraine. In Somerville, B. W. *The Influence of Progesterone and Oestradiol on Migraine* (Doctoral dissertation, University of New South Wales) (pp. 93–104). \[[Google 学术][S71-GS]] \[[网址][S71]] \[[WorldCat][S71-WC]] \[[PDF 文档][S71-PDF]]
- Somerville, B. W. (1972). The Role of Estradiol Withdrawal in the Etiology of Menstrual Migraine. *Neurology*, *22*(4), 355–365. \[DOI:[10.1212/WNL.22.4.355][S72a]]
- Somerville, B. W. (1972). The influence of progesterone and estradiol upon migraine. *Headache: The Journal of Head and Face Pain*, *12*(3), 93–102. \[DOI:[10.1111/j.1526-4610.1972.hed1203093.x][S72b]]
- Somerville, B. W. (1972). The Influence of Hormones Upon Migraine in Women. *Medical Journal of Australia*, *2*(S2), 6–11. \[DOI:[10.5694/j.1326-5377.1972.tb93039.x][S72c]]
- Somerville, B. W. (1975). Estrogen‐withdrawal migraine: I. Duration of exposure required and attempted prophylaxis by premenstrual estrogen administration. *Neurology*, *25*(3), 239–244. \[DOI:[10.1212/wnl.25.3.239][SOMER75]]
- Spack, N. P. (2013). Management of transgenderism. *JAMA*, *309*(5), 478–484. \[DOI:[10.1001/jama.2012.165234][S13]]
- Stege, R., Carlström, K., Collste, L., Eriksson, A., Henriksson, P., & Pousette, A. (1988). Single drug polyestradiol phosphate therapy in prostatic cancer. *American Journal of Clinical Oncology*, *11*(Suppl 2), S101–S103. \[DOI:[10.1097/00000421-198801102-00024][STEGE88]] \[[PDF 文档][STEGE88-PDF]]
- Stege, R., Carlström, K., Collste, L., Eriksson, A., Henriksson, P., Pousette, Å., & von Schoultz, B. (1989). Single‐drug parenteral estrogen treatment in prostatic cancer: A study of two maintenance‐dose regimens. *The Prostate*, *14*(2), 183–188. \[DOI:[10.1002/pros.2990140211][STEGE89]]
- Stege, R., Gunnarsson, P. O., Johansson, C. J., Olsson, P., Pousette, Å., & Carlström, K. (1996). Pharmacokinetics and testosterone suppression of a single dose of polyestradiol phosphate (Estradurin<sup>®</sup>) in prostatic cancer patients. *The Prostate*, *28*(5), 307–310. \[DOI:[10.1002/(SICI)1097-0045(199605)28:5<307::AID-PROS6>3.0.CO;2-8][STEGE96]]
- Sumioki, H. (1987). ヒト排卵機構とGonadotropin分泌調節における “β-Endorphinおよびβ-Lipotropin” の役割に関する研究. \[The Role of “β-Endorphin & β-Lipotropin” on the Gonadotropin Regulation in the Mechanism of Human Ovulation.] *Folia Endocrinologica Japonica*, *63*(10), 1289–1307. \[DOI:[10.1507/endocrine1927.63.10\_1289][S87]]
- Svendsen, O., & Aaes‐Jørgensen, T. (1979). Studies on the fate of vegetable oil after intramuscular injection into experimental animals. *Acta Pharmacologica et Toxicologica*, *45*(5), 352–378. \[DOI:[10.1111/j.1600-0773.1979.tb02404.x][SAJ79]]
- Tassinari, R., & Maranghi, F. (2021). Rodent Model of Gender-Affirming Hormone Therapies as Specific Tool for Identifying Susceptibility and Vulnerability of Transgender People and Future Applications for Risk Assessment. *International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health*, *18*(23), 12640. \[DOI:[10.3390/ijerph182312640][TM21]]
- Thurman, A., Kimble, T., Hall, P., Schwartz, J. L., & Archer, D. F. (2013). Medroxyprogesterone acetate and estradiol cypionate injectable suspension (Cyclofem) monthly contraceptive injection: steady-state pharmacokinetics. *Contraception*, *87*(6), 738–743. \[DOI:[10.1016/j.contraception.2012.11.010][T13]]
- Toppozada, M. K. (1994). Existing once-a-month combined injectable contraceptives. *Contraception*, *49*(4), 293–301. \[DOI:[10.1016/0010-7824(94)90029-9][T94]]
- Toutain, P. L., & Bousquet-Mélou, A. (2004). Plasma terminal half-life. *Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics*, *27*(6), 427–439. \[DOI:[10.1111/j.1365-2885.2004.00600.x][TB04]]
- Trans Care BC. (2021). *Gender-affirming Care for Trans, Two-Spirit, and Gender Diverse Patients in BC: A Primary Care Toolkit.* Vancouver: Provincial Health Services Authority/Trans Care BC. \[[网址][TCB21-PHSA]] \[[PDF 文档][TCB21]]
- Travaglini, P., Ambrosi, B., Beck-Peccoz, P., Elli, R., Rondena, M., Bara, R., & Weber, G. (1978). Hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian function in hyperprolactinemic women. *Journal of Endocrinological Investigation*, *1*(1), 39–45. \[DOI:[10.1007/BF03346769][T78]]
- Travaglini, P., Elli, R., Ambrosi, B., Ballabio, M., Moriondo, P., & Faglia, G. (1979). Serum LH increase after estradiol and progesterone administration in hyperprolactinemic women. *Journal of Endocrinological Investigation*, *2*(4), 407–411. \[DOI:[10.1007/BF03349341][T79]]
- T’Sjoen, G., Arcelus, J., De Vries, A. L., Fisher, A. D., Nieder, T. O., Özer, M., & Motmans, J. (2020). European Society for Sexual Medicine position statement “assessment and hormonal management in adolescent and adult trans people, with attention for sexual function and satisfaction”. *The Journal of Sexual Medicine*, *17*(4), 570–584. \[DOI:[10.1016/j.jsxm.2020.01.012][TS20]]
- Välimäki, M., Pelkonen, R., Salaspuro, M., Härkönen, M., Hirvonen, E., & Ylikahri, R. (1984). Sex hormones in amenorrheic women with alcoholic liver disease. *The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism*, *59*(1), 133–138. \[DOI:[10.1210/jcem-59-1-133][V84]]
- Valle Alvarez, D. C. (2011). *Efecto de una Dosis de 50 mg de Enantato de Noretisterona y 5 mg de Valerato de Estradiol en los Niveles de Testosterona Total en Hombres Mexicanos Sanos.* \[*Effect of a Dose of 50 mg of Norethisterone Enanthate and 5 mg of Estradiol Valerate on Total Testosterone Levels in Healthy Mexican Men.*] (Masters thesis, National Polytechnic Institute of Mexico.) \[[Google 学术][VA11-GS]] \[[网址][VA11]] \[[PDF 文档][VA11-PDF]] \[[英译本][VA11-ENG]]
- Varangot, J., & Cedard, L. (1957). Modifications des Œstrogènes Sanguins Après Administration Intramusculaire de Benzoate d’Œstradiol. \[Changes in Serum Estrogens After Intramuscular Administration of Estradiol Benzoate.] *Comptes Rendus des Séances de la Société de Biologie et de ses Filiales*, *151*(10), 1707–1712. \[[Google 学术 1][VC57-GS1]] \[[Google 学术 2][VC57-GS2]] \[[PubMed][VC57]] \[[PDF 文档][VC57-PDF]] \[[英译本][VC57-ENG]]
- Vermeulen, A. (1977). Transport and Distribution of Androgens at Different Ages. In Martini, L., & Motta, M. (Eds.). *Androgens and Antiandrogens* (pp. 53–65). New York: Raven Press. \[[Google 学术][V77]] \[[Google 阅读][V77-GB]] \[[WorldCat][V77-WC]]
- Vhora, I., Bardoliwala, D., Ranamalla, S. R., & Javia, A. (2019). Parenteral controlled and prolonged drug delivery systems: therapeutic needs and formulation strategies. In Misra A., & Shahiwala, A. (Eds.). *Novel Drug Delivery Technologies* (pp. 183–260). Singapore: Springer. \[DOI:[10.1007/978-981-13-3642-3\_7][V19]]
- Vizziello, G., D’Amato, G., Trentadue, R., & Fanizza, G. (1993). Studio dinamico del blocco ipofisario indotto dalla triptorelina, mediante test all’estradiolo benzoato. \[Estradiol benzoate test in the study of pituitary block induced by triptorelin.] *Minerva Ginecologica*, *45*(4), 185–189. \[[Google 学术][V93-GS]] \[[PubMed][V93]] \[[PDF 文档][V93-PDF]] \[[英译本][V93-ENG]]
- Wagner, J. G. (1993). *Pharmacokinetics for the Pharmaceutical Scientist.* Lancaster/Basel: Technomic. \[DOI:[10.1201/9780203743652][W93-DOI]] \[[Google 阅读][W93]]
- Weiss, G., Nachtigall, L. E., & Ganguly, M. (1976). Induction of an LH surge with estradiol benzoate. A clinical test of pituitary-hypothalamic axis competence. *Obstetrics and Gynecology*, *47*(4), 415–418. \[[网址][WNG76]]
- White, M. C., Rosenstock, J., Anapliotou, M., Mashiter, K., & Joplin, G. F. (1981). Heterogeneity of prolactin responses to oestradiol benzoate in women with prolactinomas. *The Lancet*, *317*(8235), 1394–1396. \[DOI:[10.1016/S0140-6736(81)92571-X][W81]]
- Wiemeyer, J. C., Fernandez, M., Moguilevsky, J. A., & Sagasta, C. L. (1986). Pharmacokinetic Studies of Estradiol Enantate in Menopausic Women. *Arzneimittel-Forschung*, *36*(11), 1674–1677. \[[Google 学术][W86-GS]] \[[PubMed][W86]] \[[PDF 文档][W86-PDF]]
- Wiemeyer, J. C., Fernandez, M., Sagasta, C. L., & Moguilevsky, J. A. (1987). Estudos farmacocinéticos do enantato de estradiol em mulheres na menopausa. \[Pharmacokinetic studies of estradiol enantate in menopausic women.] *Jornal Brasileiro de Ginecologia*, *97*(9), 497–501. \[[Google 学术][W87-GS]] \[[LILACS][W87]] \[[PDF 文档][W87-PDF]]
- Yan, J., Pan, J., Chang, Y., & Kang, J. (1987). The effect of monthly injectable contraceptive megestrol acetate compound on pituitary-ovarian function. *上海第二医科大学学报(英文版)* / *Journal of Shanghai Second Medical University* / *Medical Bulletin of Shanghai Jiaotong University*, *1*(2), 7–12. \[[Google 学术][Y87-GS]] \[[CNKI][Y87]] \[[PDF 文档][Y87-PDF]]
- Yáñez, J. A., Remsberg, C. M., Sayre, C. L., Forrest, M. L., & Davies, N. M. (2011). Flip-flop pharmacokinetics–delivering a reversal of disposition: challenges and opportunities during drug development. *Therapeutic Delivery*, *2*(5), 643–672. \[DOI:[10.4155/tde.11.19][Y11]]
- Zhang, Y., Huo, M., Zhou, J., & Xie, S. (2010). PKSolver: An add-in program for pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic data analysis in Microsoft Excel. *Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine*, *99*(3), 306–314. \[DOI:[10.1016/j.cmpb.2010.01.007][Z10]]
- Zhou, X. F., Shao, Q. X., Han, X. J., Weng, L. J., & Sang, G. W. (1998). Pharmacokinetics of medroxyprogesterone acetate after single and multiple injection of Cyclofem<sup>®</sup> in Chinese women. *Contraception*, *57*(6), 405–411. \[DOI:[10.1016/S0010-7824(98)00048-1][Z98]]
